Initial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>

The genus <i>Brachycephalus</i> is a fascinating group of miniaturized anurans from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, comprising the conspicuous, brightly colored pumpkin-toadlets and the cryptic flea-toads. Pumpkin-toadlets are known to contain tetrodotoxins and therefore, their bright col...

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Autores principales:	Mariana L. Lyra, Juliane P. C. Monteiro, Loïs Rancilhac, Iker Irisarri, Sven Künzel, Eugenia Sanchez, Thais H. Condez, Omar Rojas-Padilla, Mirco Solé, Luís Felipe Toledo, Célio F. B. Haddad, Miguel Vences
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Amphibia Anura RNAseq phylogenomics mitochondrial genomes mitochondrial gene order Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0ea8bcdf6c7545b1aed84084cf26a39c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0ea8bcdf6c7545b1aed84084cf26a39c2021-11-25T19:09:04ZInitial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>10.3390/toxins131108162072-6651https://doaj.org/article/0ea8bcdf6c7545b1aed84084cf26a39c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/816https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651The genus <i>Brachycephalus</i> is a fascinating group of miniaturized anurans from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, comprising the conspicuous, brightly colored pumpkin-toadlets and the cryptic flea-toads. Pumpkin-toadlets are known to contain tetrodotoxins and therefore, their bright colors may perform an aposematic function. Previous studies based on a limited number of mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded markers supported the existence of two clades containing species of pumpkin-toadlet phenotype, but deep nodes remained largely unresolved or conflicting between data sets. We use new RNAseq data of 17 individuals from nine <i>Brachycephalus</i> species to infer their evolutionary relationships from a phylogenomic perspective. Analyses of almost 5300 nuclear-encoded ortholog protein-coding genes and full mitochondrial genomes confirmed the existence of two separate pumpkin-toadlet clades, suggesting the convergent evolution (or multiple reversals) of the bufoniform morphology, conspicuous coloration, and probably toxicity. In addition, the study of the mitochondrial gene order revealed that three species (<i>B</i>. <i>hermogenesi</i>, <i>B</i>. <i>pitanga</i>, and <i>B. rotenbergae</i>) display translocations of different tRNAs (NCY and CYA) from the WANCY tRNA cluster to a position between the genes ATP6 and COIII, showing a new mitochondrial gene order arrangement for vertebrates. The newly clarified phylogeny suggests that <i>Brachycephalus</i> has the potential to become a promising model taxon to understand the evolution of coloration, body plan and toxicity. Given that toxicity information is available for only few species of <i>Brachycephalus</i>, without data for any flea-toad species, we also emphasize the need for a wider screening of toxicity across species, together with more in-depth functional and ecological study of their phenotypes.Mariana L. LyraJuliane P. C. MonteiroLoïs RancilhacIker IrisarriSven KünzelEugenia SanchezThais H. CondezOmar Rojas-PadillaMirco SoléLuís Felipe ToledoCélio F. B. HaddadMiguel VencesMDPI AGarticleAmphibiaAnuraRNAseqphylogenomicsmitochondrial genomesmitochondrial gene orderMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 816, p 816 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Amphibia Anura RNAseq phylogenomics mitochondrial genomes mitochondrial gene order Medicine R
spellingShingle	Amphibia Anura RNAseq phylogenomics mitochondrial genomes mitochondrial gene order Medicine R Mariana L. Lyra Juliane P. C. Monteiro Loïs Rancilhac Iker Irisarri Sven Künzel Eugenia Sanchez Thais H. Condez Omar Rojas-Padilla Mirco Solé Luís Felipe Toledo Célio F. B. Haddad Miguel Vences Initial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>
description	The genus <i>Brachycephalus</i> is a fascinating group of miniaturized anurans from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, comprising the conspicuous, brightly colored pumpkin-toadlets and the cryptic flea-toads. Pumpkin-toadlets are known to contain tetrodotoxins and therefore, their bright colors may perform an aposematic function. Previous studies based on a limited number of mitochondrial and nuclear-encoded markers supported the existence of two clades containing species of pumpkin-toadlet phenotype, but deep nodes remained largely unresolved or conflicting between data sets. We use new RNAseq data of 17 individuals from nine <i>Brachycephalus</i> species to infer their evolutionary relationships from a phylogenomic perspective. Analyses of almost 5300 nuclear-encoded ortholog protein-coding genes and full mitochondrial genomes confirmed the existence of two separate pumpkin-toadlet clades, suggesting the convergent evolution (or multiple reversals) of the bufoniform morphology, conspicuous coloration, and probably toxicity. In addition, the study of the mitochondrial gene order revealed that three species (<i>B</i>. <i>hermogenesi</i>, <i>B</i>. <i>pitanga</i>, and <i>B. rotenbergae</i>) display translocations of different tRNAs (NCY and CYA) from the WANCY tRNA cluster to a position between the genes ATP6 and COIII, showing a new mitochondrial gene order arrangement for vertebrates. The newly clarified phylogeny suggests that <i>Brachycephalus</i> has the potential to become a promising model taxon to understand the evolution of coloration, body plan and toxicity. Given that toxicity information is available for only few species of <i>Brachycephalus</i>, without data for any flea-toad species, we also emphasize the need for a wider screening of toxicity across species, together with more in-depth functional and ecological study of their phenotypes.
format	article
author	Mariana L. Lyra Juliane P. C. Monteiro Loïs Rancilhac Iker Irisarri Sven Künzel Eugenia Sanchez Thais H. Condez Omar Rojas-Padilla Mirco Solé Luís Felipe Toledo Célio F. B. Haddad Miguel Vences
author_facet	Mariana L. Lyra Juliane P. C. Monteiro Loïs Rancilhac Iker Irisarri Sven Künzel Eugenia Sanchez Thais H. Condez Omar Rojas-Padilla Mirco Solé Luís Felipe Toledo Célio F. B. Haddad Miguel Vences
author_sort	Mariana L. Lyra
title	Initial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>
title_short	Initial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>
title_full	Initial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>
title_fullStr	Initial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>
title_full_unstemmed	Initial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>
title_sort	initial phylotranscriptomic confirmation of homoplastic evolution of the conspicuous coloration and bufoniform morphology of pumpkin-toadlets in the genus <i>brachycephalus</i>
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0ea8bcdf6c7545b1aed84084cf26a39c
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Initial Phylotranscriptomic Confirmation of Homoplastic Evolution of the Conspicuous Coloration and Bufoniform Morphology of Pumpkin-Toadlets in the Genus <i>Brachycephalus</i>

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