Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of diatom (microalgae) biomass as a lice-reducing ingredient in salmon feed. The original hypothesis was based on the fact that polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), e.g. 2-trans, 4-trans decadenial (A3) produced by diatoms can function as grazing dete...

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Autores principales:	Hans Chr Eilertsen, Edel Elvevoll, Ingeborg Hulda Giæver, Jon Brage Svenning, Lars Dalheim, Ragnhild Aven Svalheim, Birthe Vang, Sten Siikavuopio, Ragnhild Dragøy, Richard A Ingebrigtsen, Espen Hansen, Anette Hustad, Karl-Erik Eilertsen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0eb8bb6f8bde4cc7b9cfc01fafa02944
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0eb8bb6f8bde4cc7b9cfc01fafa029442021-12-02T20:08:55ZInclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0255370https://doaj.org/article/0eb8bb6f8bde4cc7b9cfc01fafa029442021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255370https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of diatom (microalgae) biomass as a lice-reducing ingredient in salmon feed. The original hypothesis was based on the fact that polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), e.g. 2-trans, 4-trans decadenial (A3) produced by diatoms can function as grazing deterrents and harm copepod development. Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a copepod, and we intended to test if inclusion of diatom biomass in the feed could reduce the infestation of lice on salmon. We performed experiments where salmon kept in tanks were offered four different diets, i.e. basic feed with diatoms, fish oil, Calanus sp. oil or rapeseed oil added. After a feeding period of 67 days a statistically representative group of fishes, tagged with diet group origin, were pooled in a 4000L tank and exposed to salmon lice copepodites whereafter lice infestation was enumerated. Salmon from all four diet groups had good growth with SGR values from 1.29 to 1.44% day-1 (increase from ca. 130 g to 350 g). At the termination of the experiment the number of lice on salmon offered diatom feed were statistically significantly lower than on salmon fed the other diets. Mean lice infestation values increased from diatom feed through Calanus and fish oil to standard feed with terrestrial plant ingredients. Analysis of the chemical composition of the different diets (fatty acids, amino acids) failed to explain the differences in lice infestation. The only notable result was that diatom and Calanus feed contained more FFA (free fatty acids) than feed with fish oil and the control feed. None of the potential deleterious targeted polyunsaturated aldehydes could be detected in skin samples of the salmon. What was exclusive for salmon that experienced reduced lice was diatom inclusion in the feed. This therefore still indicates the presence of some lice deterring ingredient, either in the feed, or an ingredient can have triggered production of an deterrent in the fish. An obvious follow up of this will be to perform experiments with different degrees of diatom inclusion in the feeds, i.e. dose response experiments combined with targeted PUA analyses, as well as to perform large scale experiments under natural conditions in aquaculture pens.Hans Chr EilertsenEdel ElvevollIngeborg Hulda GiæverJon Brage SvenningLars DalheimRagnhild Aven SvalheimBirthe VangSten SiikavuopioRagnhild DragøyRichard A IngebrigtsenEspen HansenAnette HustadKarl-Erik EilertsenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 7, p e0255370 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Hans Chr Eilertsen Edel Elvevoll Ingeborg Hulda Giæver Jon Brage Svenning Lars Dalheim Ragnhild Aven Svalheim Birthe Vang Sten Siikavuopio Ragnhild Dragøy Richard A Ingebrigtsen Espen Hansen Anette Hustad Karl-Erik Eilertsen Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.
description	The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of diatom (microalgae) biomass as a lice-reducing ingredient in salmon feed. The original hypothesis was based on the fact that polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUAs), e.g. 2-trans, 4-trans decadenial (A3) produced by diatoms can function as grazing deterrents and harm copepod development. Salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a copepod, and we intended to test if inclusion of diatom biomass in the feed could reduce the infestation of lice on salmon. We performed experiments where salmon kept in tanks were offered four different diets, i.e. basic feed with diatoms, fish oil, Calanus sp. oil or rapeseed oil added. After a feeding period of 67 days a statistically representative group of fishes, tagged with diet group origin, were pooled in a 4000L tank and exposed to salmon lice copepodites whereafter lice infestation was enumerated. Salmon from all four diet groups had good growth with SGR values from 1.29 to 1.44% day-1 (increase from ca. 130 g to 350 g). At the termination of the experiment the number of lice on salmon offered diatom feed were statistically significantly lower than on salmon fed the other diets. Mean lice infestation values increased from diatom feed through Calanus and fish oil to standard feed with terrestrial plant ingredients. Analysis of the chemical composition of the different diets (fatty acids, amino acids) failed to explain the differences in lice infestation. The only notable result was that diatom and Calanus feed contained more FFA (free fatty acids) than feed with fish oil and the control feed. None of the potential deleterious targeted polyunsaturated aldehydes could be detected in skin samples of the salmon. What was exclusive for salmon that experienced reduced lice was diatom inclusion in the feed. This therefore still indicates the presence of some lice deterring ingredient, either in the feed, or an ingredient can have triggered production of an deterrent in the fish. An obvious follow up of this will be to perform experiments with different degrees of diatom inclusion in the feeds, i.e. dose response experiments combined with targeted PUA analyses, as well as to perform large scale experiments under natural conditions in aquaculture pens.
format	article
author	Hans Chr Eilertsen Edel Elvevoll Ingeborg Hulda Giæver Jon Brage Svenning Lars Dalheim Ragnhild Aven Svalheim Birthe Vang Sten Siikavuopio Ragnhild Dragøy Richard A Ingebrigtsen Espen Hansen Anette Hustad Karl-Erik Eilertsen
author_facet	Hans Chr Eilertsen Edel Elvevoll Ingeborg Hulda Giæver Jon Brage Svenning Lars Dalheim Ragnhild Aven Svalheim Birthe Vang Sten Siikavuopio Ragnhild Dragøy Richard A Ingebrigtsen Espen Hansen Anette Hustad Karl-Erik Eilertsen
author_sort	Hans Chr Eilertsen
title	Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.
title_short	Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.
title_full	Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.
title_fullStr	Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.
title_full_unstemmed	Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.
title_sort	inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0eb8bb6f8bde4cc7b9cfc01fafa02944
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Inclusion of photoautotrophic cultivated diatom biomass in salmon feed can deter lice.

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