Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan

This study investigates the relative role of land surface schemes (LSS) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, Version 4, to simulate the heat wave events in Karachi, Pakistan during 16–23 May 2018. The efficiency of the WRF model was evaluated in forecasting heat wave events over Kara...

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Autores principales:	Adil Dilawar, Baozhang Chen, Lifeng Guo, Shuan Liu, Muhammad Shafeeque, Arfan Arshad, Yawar Hussain, Muhammad Ateeq Qureshi, Alphonse Kayiranga, Fei Wang, Simon Measho, Huifang Zhang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	heat wave WRF forecast ENSO NOAH-MP Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0ecf7cd131ca4f49ac6615e50006e006
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0ecf7cd131ca4f49ac6615e50006e0062021-11-25T19:02:27ZEvaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan10.3390/su1322126082071-1050https://doaj.org/article/0ecf7cd131ca4f49ac6615e50006e0062021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/22/12608https://doaj.org/toc/2071-1050This study investigates the relative role of land surface schemes (LSS) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, Version 4, to simulate the heat wave events in Karachi, Pakistan during 16–23 May 2018. The efficiency of the WRF model was evaluated in forecasting heat wave events over Karachi using the three different LSS, namely NOAH, NOAH-MP, and RUC. In addition to this we have used the longwave (RRTM) and shortwave (Dudhia) in all schemes. Three simulating setups were designed with a combination of shortwave, longwave, and LSS: E1 (Dudhia, RRTM, and Noah), E2 (Dudhia, RRTM, and Noah-MP), and E3 (Dudhia, RRTM, and RUC). All setups were carried out with a finer resolution of 1 km × 1 km. Findings of current study depicted that E2 produces a more realistic simulation of daily maximum temperature T<sub>(max)</sub> at 2 m, sensible heat (SH), and latent heat (LH) because it has higher R<sup>2</sup> and lower errors (BIAS, RMSE, MAE) compared to other schemes. Consequently, Noah-MP (LSS) accurately estimates T<sub>(max)</sub> and land surface heat fluxes (SH&LH) because uses multiple physics options for land atmosphere interaction processes. According to statistical analyses, E2 setup outperforms other setups in term of T<sub>(max)</sub> and (LH&SH) forecasting with the higher Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) agreement is 0.84 (0.89). This research emphasizes that the selection of LSS is of vital importance in the best simulation of T<sub>(max)</sub> and SH (LH) over Karachi. Further, it is resulted that the SH flux is taking a higher part to trigger the heat wave event intensity during May 2018 due to dense urban canopy and less vegetated area. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event played role to prolong and strengthen the heat wave period by effecting the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) through walker circulation extension.Adil DilawarBaozhang ChenLifeng GuoShuan LiuMuhammad ShafeequeArfan ArshadYawar HussainMuhammad Ateeq QureshiAlphonse KayirangaFei WangSimon MeashoHuifang ZhangMDPI AGarticleheat waveWRFforecastENSONOAH-MPEnvironmental effects of industries and plantsTD194-195Renewable energy sourcesTJ807-830Environmental sciencesGE1-350ENSustainability, Vol 13, Iss 12608, p 12608 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	heat wave WRF forecast ENSO NOAH-MP Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	heat wave WRF forecast ENSO NOAH-MP Environmental effects of industries and plants TD194-195 Renewable energy sources TJ807-830 Environmental sciences GE1-350 Adil Dilawar Baozhang Chen Lifeng Guo Shuan Liu Muhammad Shafeeque Arfan Arshad Yawar Hussain Muhammad Ateeq Qureshi Alphonse Kayiranga Fei Wang Simon Measho Huifang Zhang Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan
description	This study investigates the relative role of land surface schemes (LSS) in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, Version 4, to simulate the heat wave events in Karachi, Pakistan during 16–23 May 2018. The efficiency of the WRF model was evaluated in forecasting heat wave events over Karachi using the three different LSS, namely NOAH, NOAH-MP, and RUC. In addition to this we have used the longwave (RRTM) and shortwave (Dudhia) in all schemes. Three simulating setups were designed with a combination of shortwave, longwave, and LSS: E1 (Dudhia, RRTM, and Noah), E2 (Dudhia, RRTM, and Noah-MP), and E3 (Dudhia, RRTM, and RUC). All setups were carried out with a finer resolution of 1 km × 1 km. Findings of current study depicted that E2 produces a more realistic simulation of daily maximum temperature T<sub>(max)</sub> at 2 m, sensible heat (SH), and latent heat (LH) because it has higher R<sup>2</sup> and lower errors (BIAS, RMSE, MAE) compared to other schemes. Consequently, Noah-MP (LSS) accurately estimates T<sub>(max)</sub> and land surface heat fluxes (SH&LH) because uses multiple physics options for land atmosphere interaction processes. According to statistical analyses, E2 setup outperforms other setups in term of T<sub>(max)</sub> and (LH&SH) forecasting with the higher Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) agreement is 0.84 (0.89). This research emphasizes that the selection of LSS is of vital importance in the best simulation of T<sub>(max)</sub> and SH (LH) over Karachi. Further, it is resulted that the SH flux is taking a higher part to trigger the heat wave event intensity during May 2018 due to dense urban canopy and less vegetated area. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event played role to prolong and strengthen the heat wave period by effecting the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) through walker circulation extension.
format	article
author	Adil Dilawar Baozhang Chen Lifeng Guo Shuan Liu Muhammad Shafeeque Arfan Arshad Yawar Hussain Muhammad Ateeq Qureshi Alphonse Kayiranga Fei Wang Simon Measho Huifang Zhang
author_facet	Adil Dilawar Baozhang Chen Lifeng Guo Shuan Liu Muhammad Shafeeque Arfan Arshad Yawar Hussain Muhammad Ateeq Qureshi Alphonse Kayiranga Fei Wang Simon Measho Huifang Zhang
author_sort	Adil Dilawar
title	Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan
title_short	Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan
title_full	Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan
title_fullStr	Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan
title_full_unstemmed	Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan
title_sort	evaluation the wrf model with different land surface schemes: heat wave event simulations and its relation to pacific variability over coastal region, karachi, pakistan
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0ecf7cd131ca4f49ac6615e50006e006
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Evaluation the WRF Model with Different Land Surface Schemes: Heat Wave Event Simulations and Its Relation to Pacific Variability over Coastal Region, Karachi, Pakistan

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