Reduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production

Body tissue and venom glands from an eastern population of the scorpion <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) were homogenized and molecular constituents removed to characterize putative sodium β toxin gene diversity, RT-qPCR, transcriptomic, and proteomic variation. We cloned sodium...

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Autores principales:	Aimee Bowman, Chloe Fitzgerald, Jeff F. Pummill, Douglas D. Rhoads, Tsunemi Yamashita
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Centruroides</i> sodium β toxin RT-qPCR transcriptome proteome Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0f2c4b8b46924addab3d90d5abdb3539
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0f2c4b8b46924addab3d90d5abdb35392021-11-25T19:09:13ZReduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production10.3390/toxins131108282072-6651https://doaj.org/article/0f2c4b8b46924addab3d90d5abdb35392021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/11/828https://doaj.org/toc/2072-6651Body tissue and venom glands from an eastern population of the scorpion <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) were homogenized and molecular constituents removed to characterize putative sodium β toxin gene diversity, RT-qPCR, transcriptomic, and proteomic variation. We cloned sodium β toxins from genomic DNA, conducted RT-qPCR experiments with seven sodium β toxin variants, performed venom gland tissue RNA-seq, and isolated venom proteins for mass spectrophotometry. We identified >70 putative novel sodium β toxin genes, 111 toxin gene transcripts, 24 different toxin proteins, and quantified sodium β toxin gene expression variation among individuals and between sexes. Our analyses contribute to the growing evidence that venom toxicity among scorpion taxa and their populations may be associated with toxin gene diversity, specific toxin transcripts variation, and subsequent protein production. Here, slight transcript variation among toxin gene variants may contribute to the major toxin protein variation in individual scorpion venom composition.Aimee BowmanChloe FitzgeraldJeff F. PummillDouglas D. RhoadsTsunemi YamashitaMDPI AGarticle<i>Centruroides</i>sodium β toxinRT-qPCRtranscriptomeproteomeMedicineRENToxins, Vol 13, Iss 828, p 828 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Centruroides</i> sodium β toxin RT-qPCR transcriptome proteome Medicine R
spellingShingle	<i>Centruroides</i> sodium β toxin RT-qPCR transcriptome proteome Medicine R Aimee Bowman Chloe Fitzgerald Jeff F. Pummill Douglas D. Rhoads Tsunemi Yamashita Reduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production
description	Body tissue and venom glands from an eastern population of the scorpion <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) were homogenized and molecular constituents removed to characterize putative sodium β toxin gene diversity, RT-qPCR, transcriptomic, and proteomic variation. We cloned sodium β toxins from genomic DNA, conducted RT-qPCR experiments with seven sodium β toxin variants, performed venom gland tissue RNA-seq, and isolated venom proteins for mass spectrophotometry. We identified >70 putative novel sodium β toxin genes, 111 toxin gene transcripts, 24 different toxin proteins, and quantified sodium β toxin gene expression variation among individuals and between sexes. Our analyses contribute to the growing evidence that venom toxicity among scorpion taxa and their populations may be associated with toxin gene diversity, specific toxin transcripts variation, and subsequent protein production. Here, slight transcript variation among toxin gene variants may contribute to the major toxin protein variation in individual scorpion venom composition.
format	article
author	Aimee Bowman Chloe Fitzgerald Jeff F. Pummill Douglas D. Rhoads Tsunemi Yamashita
author_facet	Aimee Bowman Chloe Fitzgerald Jeff F. Pummill Douglas D. Rhoads Tsunemi Yamashita
author_sort	Aimee Bowman
title	Reduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production
title_short	Reduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production
title_full	Reduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production
title_fullStr	Reduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production
title_full_unstemmed	Reduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production
title_sort	reduced toxicity of <i>centruroides vittatus</i> (say, 1821) may result from lowered sodium β toxin gene expression and toxin protein production
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0f2c4b8b46924addab3d90d5abdb3539
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Reduced Toxicity of <i>Centruroides vittatus</i> (Say, 1821) May Result from Lowered Sodium β Toxin Gene Expression and Toxin Protein Production

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