Anti-Doping

Experimental evidence suggests that xenon (Xe) is not completely inert but can affect the functional properties of proteins, particularly that of ion channels and of enzymes. According to recent reports xenon can activate the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF). A number of preclinical inv...

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Autor principal: Jelkmann W
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Publicado: Dynamic Media Sales Verlag 2014
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spelling oai:doaj.org-article:0f2f11474bdd4ed79b0b6cc0a95268e62021-11-16T19:01:43ZAnti-Doping0344-59252510-526410.5960/dzsm.2014.143https://doaj.org/article/0f2f11474bdd4ed79b0b6cc0a95268e62014-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/archive/archive-2014/issue-10/xenon-misuse-in-sports-increase-of-hypoxia-inducible-factors-and-erythropoietin-or-nothing-but-hot-air/https://doaj.org/toc/0344-5925https://doaj.org/toc/2510-5264Experimental evidence suggests that xenon (Xe) is not completely inert but can affect the functional properties of proteins, particularly that of ion channels and of enzymes. According to recent reports xenon can activate the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF). A number of preclinical investigations (cell culture experiments, animal studies) has been performed concerning this, but the results have been volatile and the mechanism of HIF activation differed from that of hypoxia. Exposure to xenon (generally at 70 vol%) increased HIF-1 mRNA and HIF-1 protein levels in some studies, while in others, the HIF-2 mRNA and HIF-2 protein levels were increased instead. There is one single study in mice where increased renal levels of the HIF target proteins erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected on Western blots at 24 h after xenon exposure of the animals. Effects of xenon treatment on the blood level of EPO have never been reported. No human data are available with respect to the HIF system and the production of EPO. Still, for reasons of precaution xenon has been included as HIF activator in WADAs Prohibited List 2014. However, compared to the numerous chemical substances that increase HIF-dependent EPO synthesis in humans, the author considers the potential misuse of xenon in sports a minor issue.Key Words: Blood doping, erythropoietin, gene expression, hypoxia, oxygen transportJelkmann WDynamic Media Sales VerlagarticleSports medicineRC1200-1245DEENDeutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin, Vol 65, Iss 10 (2014)
institution DOAJ
collection DOAJ
language DE
EN
topic Sports medicine
RC1200-1245
spellingShingle Sports medicine
RC1200-1245
Jelkmann W
Anti-Doping
description Experimental evidence suggests that xenon (Xe) is not completely inert but can affect the functional properties of proteins, particularly that of ion channels and of enzymes. According to recent reports xenon can activate the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIF). A number of preclinical investigations (cell culture experiments, animal studies) has been performed concerning this, but the results have been volatile and the mechanism of HIF activation differed from that of hypoxia. Exposure to xenon (generally at 70 vol%) increased HIF-1 mRNA and HIF-1 protein levels in some studies, while in others, the HIF-2 mRNA and HIF-2 protein levels were increased instead. There is one single study in mice where increased renal levels of the HIF target proteins erythropoietin (EPO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected on Western blots at 24 h after xenon exposure of the animals. Effects of xenon treatment on the blood level of EPO have never been reported. No human data are available with respect to the HIF system and the production of EPO. Still, for reasons of precaution xenon has been included as HIF activator in WADAs Prohibited List 2014. However, compared to the numerous chemical substances that increase HIF-dependent EPO synthesis in humans, the author considers the potential misuse of xenon in sports a minor issue.Key Words: Blood doping, erythropoietin, gene expression, hypoxia, oxygen transport
format article
author Jelkmann W
author_facet Jelkmann W
author_sort Jelkmann W
title Anti-Doping
title_short Anti-Doping
title_full Anti-Doping
title_fullStr Anti-Doping
title_full_unstemmed Anti-Doping
title_sort anti-doping
publisher Dynamic Media Sales Verlag
publishDate 2014
url https://doaj.org/article/0f2f11474bdd4ed79b0b6cc0a95268e6
work_keys_str_mv AT jelkmannw antidoping
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