Angular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure

Efficient water management in agricultural crops is necessary to increase productivity and adapt to climate change. Evapotranspiration (ET) data are key in determining the water requirements of crops and set efficient irrigation schedules. Estimating ET at the regional scale (for example, in irrigat...

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Autores principales:	Fernando Paz, Ma Isabel Marín, Jaime Garatuza, Christopher Watts, Julio Cesar Rodríguez, Enrico A. Yepez, Antoine Libert, Martín Alejandro Bolaños
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	radiative temperature albedo footprint eddy covariance Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/0f384d05bc254f4e90ff47461c4306cd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:0f384d05bc254f4e90ff47461c4306cd2021-11-11T19:55:06ZAngular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure10.3390/w132130282073-4441https://doaj.org/article/0f384d05bc254f4e90ff47461c4306cd2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/13/21/3028https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4441Efficient water management in agricultural crops is necessary to increase productivity and adapt to climate change. Evapotranspiration (ET) data are key in determining the water requirements of crops and set efficient irrigation schedules. Estimating ET at the regional scale (for example, in irrigation districts) is a technically complex task that has been tackled by using data acquired by remote sensors on satellites that can be validated with scaled up field measurements when area sources are matched. Energy and matter flux measurements using the eddy covariance (EC) technique are challenging due to balance closure issues, claimed to be due to the different footprints of the energy-balance components. We describe net radiometer footprints in terms of the sun-sensor geometry to characterize the bidirectional distribution functions of albedo and thermal emissions. In this context, we describe a one-parameter model of the components of net radiation that can be calibrated with a single data point. The model was validated in an experiment with five agricultural crops (bean, sorghum, chickpea, safflower, and wheat) at Valle del Yaqui, in Sonora, Mexico, using different sun-sensor geometry configurations. The results from the experimental fits were satisfactory (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99) and support the use of the model for albedo and radiative (surface) temperature in order to estimate net radiation. The analysis of the implications regarding a mismatch among footprints of the components of the energy balance showed that net radiometer fluxes are overestimated most of the time, implying that the closure problem could be solved by using a similar footprint as the aerodynamic components of the energy balance.Fernando PazMa Isabel MarínJaime GaratuzaChristopher WattsJulio Cesar RodríguezEnrico A. YepezAntoine LibertMartín Alejandro BolañosMDPI AGarticleradiative temperaturealbedofootprinteddy covarianceHydraulic engineeringTC1-978Water supply for domestic and industrial purposesTD201-500ENWater, Vol 13, Iss 3028, p 3028 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	radiative temperature albedo footprint eddy covariance Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500
spellingShingle	radiative temperature albedo footprint eddy covariance Hydraulic engineering TC1-978 Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes TD201-500 Fernando Paz Ma Isabel Marín Jaime Garatuza Christopher Watts Julio Cesar Rodríguez Enrico A. Yepez Antoine Libert Martín Alejandro Bolaños Angular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure
description	Efficient water management in agricultural crops is necessary to increase productivity and adapt to climate change. Evapotranspiration (ET) data are key in determining the water requirements of crops and set efficient irrigation schedules. Estimating ET at the regional scale (for example, in irrigation districts) is a technically complex task that has been tackled by using data acquired by remote sensors on satellites that can be validated with scaled up field measurements when area sources are matched. Energy and matter flux measurements using the eddy covariance (EC) technique are challenging due to balance closure issues, claimed to be due to the different footprints of the energy-balance components. We describe net radiometer footprints in terms of the sun-sensor geometry to characterize the bidirectional distribution functions of albedo and thermal emissions. In this context, we describe a one-parameter model of the components of net radiation that can be calibrated with a single data point. The model was validated in an experiment with five agricultural crops (bean, sorghum, chickpea, safflower, and wheat) at Valle del Yaqui, in Sonora, Mexico, using different sun-sensor geometry configurations. The results from the experimental fits were satisfactory (R<sup>2</sup> > 0.99) and support the use of the model for albedo and radiative (surface) temperature in order to estimate net radiation. The analysis of the implications regarding a mismatch among footprints of the components of the energy balance showed that net radiometer fluxes are overestimated most of the time, implying that the closure problem could be solved by using a similar footprint as the aerodynamic components of the energy balance.
format	article
author	Fernando Paz Ma Isabel Marín Jaime Garatuza Christopher Watts Julio Cesar Rodríguez Enrico A. Yepez Antoine Libert Martín Alejandro Bolaños
author_facet	Fernando Paz Ma Isabel Marín Jaime Garatuza Christopher Watts Julio Cesar Rodríguez Enrico A. Yepez Antoine Libert Martín Alejandro Bolaños
author_sort	Fernando Paz
title	Angular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure
title_short	Angular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure
title_full	Angular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure
title_fullStr	Angular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure
title_full_unstemmed	Angular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure
title_sort	angular modeling of the components of net radiation in agricultural crops and its implications on energy balance closure
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/0f384d05bc254f4e90ff47461c4306cd
work_keys_str_mv	AT fernandopaz angularmodelingofthecomponentsofnetradiationinagriculturalcropsanditsimplicationsonenergybalanceclosure AT maisabelmarin angularmodelingofthecomponentsofnetradiationinagriculturalcropsanditsimplicationsonenergybalanceclosure AT jaimegaratuza angularmodelingofthecomponentsofnetradiationinagriculturalcropsanditsimplicationsonenergybalanceclosure AT christopherwatts angularmodelingofthecomponentsofnetradiationinagriculturalcropsanditsimplicationsonenergybalanceclosure AT juliocesarrodriguez angularmodelingofthecomponentsofnetradiationinagriculturalcropsanditsimplicationsonenergybalanceclosure AT enricoayepez angularmodelingofthecomponentsofnetradiationinagriculturalcropsanditsimplicationsonenergybalanceclosure AT antoinelibert angularmodelingofthecomponentsofnetradiationinagriculturalcropsanditsimplicationsonenergybalanceclosure AT martinalejandrobolanos angularmodelingofthecomponentsofnetradiationinagriculturalcropsanditsimplicationsonenergybalanceclosure
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Angular Modeling of the Components of Net Radiation in Agricultural Crops and Its Implications on Energy Balance Closure

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