Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.

<h4>Background</h4>Dogs are the primary reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Phlebotomine sand flies maintain zoonotic transmission of parasites between dogs and humans. A subset of dogs is infected transplacentally during gestation, but at what stage of...

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Autores principales:	Breanna M Scorza, Kurayi G Mahachi, Arin C Cox, Angela J Toepp, Adam Leal-Lima, Anurag Kumar Kushwaha, Patrick Kelly, Claudio Meneses, Geneva Wilson, Katherine N Gibson-Corley, Lyric Bartholomay, Shaden Kamhawi, Christine A Petersen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2021
Materias:	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1000a1cca4d647c7a6475e5341951aa1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1000a1cca4d647c7a6475e5341951aa12021-11-25T06:31:43ZLeishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.1935-27271935-273510.1371/journal.pntd.0009366https://doaj.org/article/1000a1cca4d647c7a6475e5341951aa12021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009366https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2727https://doaj.org/toc/1935-2735<h4>Background</h4>Dogs are the primary reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Phlebotomine sand flies maintain zoonotic transmission of parasites between dogs and humans. A subset of dogs is infected transplacentally during gestation, but at what stage of the clinical spectrum vertically infected dogs contribute to the infected sand fly pool is unknown.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We examined infectiousness of dogs vertically infected with L. infantum from multiple clinical states to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis using xenodiagnosis and found that vertically infected dogs were infectious to sand flies at differing rates. Dogs with mild to moderate disease showed significantly higher transmission to the vector than dogs with subclinical or severe disease. We documented a substantial parasite burden in the skin of vertically infected dogs by RT-qPCR, despite these dogs not having received intradermal parasites via sand flies. There was a highly significant correlation between skin parasite burden at the feeding site and sand fly parasite uptake. This suggests dogs with high skin parasite burden contribute the most to the infected sand fly pool. Although skin parasite load and parasitemia correlated with one another, the average parasite number detected in skin was significantly higher compared to blood in matched subjects. Thus, dermal resident parasites were infectious to sand flies from dogs without detectable parasitemia.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Together, our data implicate skin parasite burden and earlier clinical status as stronger indicators of outward transmission potential than blood parasite burden. Our studies of a population of dogs without vector transmission highlights the need to consider canine vertical transmission in surveillance and prevention strategies.Breanna M ScorzaKurayi G MahachiArin C CoxAngela J ToeppAdam Leal-LimaAnurag Kumar KushwahaPatrick KellyClaudio MenesesGeneva WilsonKatherine N Gibson-CorleyLyric BartholomayShaden KamhawiChristine A PetersenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleArctic medicine. Tropical medicineRC955-962Public aspects of medicineRA1-1270ENPLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 15, Iss 10, p e0009366 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270
spellingShingle	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine RC955-962 Public aspects of medicine RA1-1270 Breanna M Scorza Kurayi G Mahachi Arin C Cox Angela J Toepp Adam Leal-Lima Anurag Kumar Kushwaha Patrick Kelly Claudio Meneses Geneva Wilson Katherine N Gibson-Corley Lyric Bartholomay Shaden Kamhawi Christine A Petersen Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.
description	<h4>Background</h4>Dogs are the primary reservoir for human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum. Phlebotomine sand flies maintain zoonotic transmission of parasites between dogs and humans. A subset of dogs is infected transplacentally during gestation, but at what stage of the clinical spectrum vertically infected dogs contribute to the infected sand fly pool is unknown.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>We examined infectiousness of dogs vertically infected with L. infantum from multiple clinical states to the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis using xenodiagnosis and found that vertically infected dogs were infectious to sand flies at differing rates. Dogs with mild to moderate disease showed significantly higher transmission to the vector than dogs with subclinical or severe disease. We documented a substantial parasite burden in the skin of vertically infected dogs by RT-qPCR, despite these dogs not having received intradermal parasites via sand flies. There was a highly significant correlation between skin parasite burden at the feeding site and sand fly parasite uptake. This suggests dogs with high skin parasite burden contribute the most to the infected sand fly pool. Although skin parasite load and parasitemia correlated with one another, the average parasite number detected in skin was significantly higher compared to blood in matched subjects. Thus, dermal resident parasites were infectious to sand flies from dogs without detectable parasitemia.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Together, our data implicate skin parasite burden and earlier clinical status as stronger indicators of outward transmission potential than blood parasite burden. Our studies of a population of dogs without vector transmission highlights the need to consider canine vertical transmission in surveillance and prevention strategies.
format	article
author	Breanna M Scorza Kurayi G Mahachi Arin C Cox Angela J Toepp Adam Leal-Lima Anurag Kumar Kushwaha Patrick Kelly Claudio Meneses Geneva Wilson Katherine N Gibson-Corley Lyric Bartholomay Shaden Kamhawi Christine A Petersen
author_facet	Breanna M Scorza Kurayi G Mahachi Arin C Cox Angela J Toepp Adam Leal-Lima Anurag Kumar Kushwaha Patrick Kelly Claudio Meneses Geneva Wilson Katherine N Gibson-Corley Lyric Bartholomay Shaden Kamhawi Christine A Petersen
author_sort	Breanna M Scorza
title	Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.
title_short	Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.
title_full	Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.
title_fullStr	Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.
title_full_unstemmed	Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.
title_sort	leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1000a1cca4d647c7a6475e5341951aa1
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Leishmania infantum xenodiagnosis from vertically infected dogs reveals significant skin tropism.

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