Growth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles

David Rutherford,1 Jaroslav Jíra,1 Kateřina Kolářová,2 Iva Matolínová,3 Júlia Mičová,4 Zdenek Reme&scaron;,2 Bohuslav Rezek1 1Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic; 2Autho...

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Autores principales:	Rutherford D, Jíra J, Kolářová K, Matolínová I, Mičová J, Remeš Z, Rezek B
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2021
Materias:	antibacterial biotechnology nanomaterials zinc oxide Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/103eeec3943343899b2169b10ba108ff
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:103eeec3943343899b2169b10ba108ff2021-12-02T15:01:49ZGrowth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/103eeec3943343899b2169b10ba108ff2021-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/growth-inhibition-of-gram-positive-and-gram-negative-bacteria-by-zinc--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013David Rutherford,1 Jaroslav Jíra,1 Kateřina Kolářová,2 Iva Matolínová,3 Júlia Mičová,4 Zdenek Reme&scaron;,2 Bohuslav Rezek1 1Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic; 2Author Affiliations Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; 3Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; 4Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak RepublicCorrespondence: David RutherfordFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Technická 2, Prague, 6, Czech RepublicTel +420 224 352 334Email david.rutherford@fel.cvut.czPurpose: Nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications have gained interest in recent years due to the increasing bacteria resistance to conventional antibiotics. Wound sterilization, water treatment and surface decontamination all avail from multifunctional materials that also possess excellent antibacterial properties, eg zinc oxide (ZnO). Here, we assess and compare the effects of synthesized hedgehog-like ZnO structures and commercial ZnO particles with and without mixing on the inactivation of bacteria on surfaces and in liquid environments.Methods: Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria in microbial culture medium were added to reverse spin bioreactors that contained different concentrations of each ZnO type to enable dynamic mixing of the bacteria-ZnO suspensions. Optical density of the bacteria-ZnO suspensions was measured in real-time and the number of viable bacteria after 24 h exposure was determined using standard microbiological techniques. The concentration of zinc ion generated from ZnO dissolution in different liquid types was estimated from the dynamic interaction exposure. Static antibacterial tests without agitation in liquid media and on agar surface were performed for comparison.Results: A correlation between increasing ZnO particle concentration and reduction in viable bacteria was not monotonous. The lowest concentration tested (10 μg/mL) even stimulated bacteria growth. The hedgehog ZnO was significantly more antibacterial than commercial ZnO particles at higher concentrations (up to 1000 μg/mL tested), more against E. coli than S. aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration in microwell plates was correlated with those results. No inhibition was detected for any ZnO type deposited on agar surface. Zinc ion release was greatly suppressed in cultivation media. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that ZnO needles can pierce membrane of bacteria whereas the commercial ZnO nanoparticles rather agglomerate on the cell surface.Conclusion: The inhibition effects are thus mainly controlled by the interaction dynamics between bacteria and ZnO, where mixing greatly enhances antibacterial efficacy of all ZnO particles. The efficacy is modulated also by ZnO particle shapes, where hedgehog ZnO has superior effect, in particular at lower concentrations. However, at too low concentrations, ZnO can stimulate bacteria growth and must be thus used with caution.Keywords: antibacterial, biotechnology, nanomaterials, zinc oxideRutherford DJíra JKolářová KMatolínová IMičová JRemeš ZRezek BDove Medical Pressarticleantibacterialbiotechnologynanomaterialszinc oxideMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 16, Pp 3541-3554 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	antibacterial biotechnology nanomaterials zinc oxide Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	antibacterial biotechnology nanomaterials zinc oxide Medicine (General) R5-920 Rutherford D Jíra J Kolářová K Matolínová I Mičová J Remeš Z Rezek B Growth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles
description	David Rutherford,1 Jaroslav Jíra,1 Kateřina Kolářová,2 Iva Matolínová,3 Júlia Mičová,4 Zdenek Reme&scaron;,2 Bohuslav Rezek1 1Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic; 2Author Affiliations Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; 3Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; 4Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak RepublicCorrespondence: David RutherfordFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Technická 2, Prague, 6, Czech RepublicTel +420 224 352 334Email david.rutherford@fel.cvut.czPurpose: Nanomaterials for antimicrobial applications have gained interest in recent years due to the increasing bacteria resistance to conventional antibiotics. Wound sterilization, water treatment and surface decontamination all avail from multifunctional materials that also possess excellent antibacterial properties, eg zinc oxide (ZnO). Here, we assess and compare the effects of synthesized hedgehog-like ZnO structures and commercial ZnO particles with and without mixing on the inactivation of bacteria on surfaces and in liquid environments.Methods: Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria in microbial culture medium were added to reverse spin bioreactors that contained different concentrations of each ZnO type to enable dynamic mixing of the bacteria-ZnO suspensions. Optical density of the bacteria-ZnO suspensions was measured in real-time and the number of viable bacteria after 24 h exposure was determined using standard microbiological techniques. The concentration of zinc ion generated from ZnO dissolution in different liquid types was estimated from the dynamic interaction exposure. Static antibacterial tests without agitation in liquid media and on agar surface were performed for comparison.Results: A correlation between increasing ZnO particle concentration and reduction in viable bacteria was not monotonous. The lowest concentration tested (10 μg/mL) even stimulated bacteria growth. The hedgehog ZnO was significantly more antibacterial than commercial ZnO particles at higher concentrations (up to 1000 μg/mL tested), more against E. coli than S. aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentration in microwell plates was correlated with those results. No inhibition was detected for any ZnO type deposited on agar surface. Zinc ion release was greatly suppressed in cultivation media. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that ZnO needles can pierce membrane of bacteria whereas the commercial ZnO nanoparticles rather agglomerate on the cell surface.Conclusion: The inhibition effects are thus mainly controlled by the interaction dynamics between bacteria and ZnO, where mixing greatly enhances antibacterial efficacy of all ZnO particles. The efficacy is modulated also by ZnO particle shapes, where hedgehog ZnO has superior effect, in particular at lower concentrations. However, at too low concentrations, ZnO can stimulate bacteria growth and must be thus used with caution.Keywords: antibacterial, biotechnology, nanomaterials, zinc oxide
format	article
author	Rutherford D Jíra J Kolářová K Matolínová I Mičová J Remeš Z Rezek B
author_facet	Rutherford D Jíra J Kolářová K Matolínová I Mičová J Remeš Z Rezek B
author_sort	Rutherford D
title	Growth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles
title_short	Growth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles
title_full	Growth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles
title_fullStr	Growth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles
title_full_unstemmed	Growth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles
title_sort	growth inhibition of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by zinc oxide hedgehog particles
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/103eeec3943343899b2169b10ba108ff
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Growth Inhibition of Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria by Zinc Oxide Hedgehog Particles

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