Raytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer

Global positioning satellite system (GPS) radio waves that reach the tropical lower troposphere are strongly affected by small-scale water vapor fluctuations. We examine along-the-ray simulations of the impact parameter at every ray integration step using the high-resolution European Centre for Medi...

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Autores principales:	Shengpeng Yang, Xiaolei Zou, Richard Anthes
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	radio occultation ray paths multipath in radio occultation vertical and horizontal gradients of refractivity tropical lower troposphere Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1070c70887b34710bd302cd59bc63590
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1070c70887b34710bd302cd59bc635902021-11-25T18:55:27ZRaytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer10.3390/rs132246932072-4292https://doaj.org/article/1070c70887b34710bd302cd59bc635902021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4693https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292Global positioning satellite system (GPS) radio waves that reach the tropical lower troposphere are strongly affected by small-scale water vapor fluctuations. We examine along-the-ray simulations of the impact parameter at every ray integration step using the high-resolution European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 reanalysis as the input model states. We find that disturbances to the impact parameter arise when ray paths go through the top of the sub-cloud layer, where there is a pronounced reduction with increasing height in the humidity, and wet refractivity has a strong local vertical gradient, creating multipath. Additionally, the horizontal gradients of refractivity cause the impact parameter to vary along the ray. The disturbances to the impact parameter are confined to an area about 250 km horizontally and 4 km vertically from the perigee point. Beyond 250 km from the perigee, the impact parameter remains constant. The vertical gradient of refractivity is largest at the top of the sub-cloud layer, usually between 1.5 and 3.0 km, and becomes negligibly small above 4 km.Shengpeng YangXiaolei ZouRichard AnthesMDPI AGarticleradio occultation ray pathsmultipath in radio occultationvertical and horizontal gradients of refractivitytropical lower troposphereScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4693, p 4693 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	radio occultation ray paths multipath in radio occultation vertical and horizontal gradients of refractivity tropical lower troposphere Science Q
spellingShingle	radio occultation ray paths multipath in radio occultation vertical and horizontal gradients of refractivity tropical lower troposphere Science Q Shengpeng Yang Xiaolei Zou Richard Anthes Raytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer
description	Global positioning satellite system (GPS) radio waves that reach the tropical lower troposphere are strongly affected by small-scale water vapor fluctuations. We examine along-the-ray simulations of the impact parameter at every ray integration step using the high-resolution European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA5 reanalysis as the input model states. We find that disturbances to the impact parameter arise when ray paths go through the top of the sub-cloud layer, where there is a pronounced reduction with increasing height in the humidity, and wet refractivity has a strong local vertical gradient, creating multipath. Additionally, the horizontal gradients of refractivity cause the impact parameter to vary along the ray. The disturbances to the impact parameter are confined to an area about 250 km horizontally and 4 km vertically from the perigee point. Beyond 250 km from the perigee, the impact parameter remains constant. The vertical gradient of refractivity is largest at the top of the sub-cloud layer, usually between 1.5 and 3.0 km, and becomes negligibly small above 4 km.
format	article
author	Shengpeng Yang Xiaolei Zou Richard Anthes
author_facet	Shengpeng Yang Xiaolei Zou Richard Anthes
author_sort	Shengpeng Yang
title	Raytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer
title_short	Raytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer
title_full	Raytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer
title_fullStr	Raytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer
title_full_unstemmed	Raytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer
title_sort	raytracing simulated gps radio wave propagation paths experiencing large disturbances when going through the top of the sub-cloud layer
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1070c70887b34710bd302cd59bc63590
work_keys_str_mv	AT shengpengyang raytracingsimulatedgpsradiowavepropagationpathsexperiencinglargedisturbanceswhengoingthroughthetopofthesubcloudlayer AT xiaoleizou raytracingsimulatedgpsradiowavepropagationpathsexperiencinglargedisturbanceswhengoingthroughthetopofthesubcloudlayer AT richardanthes raytracingsimulatedgpsradiowavepropagationpathsexperiencinglargedisturbanceswhengoingthroughthetopofthesubcloudlayer
_version_	1718410506734141440

Raytracing Simulated GPS Radio Wave Propagation Paths Experiencing Large Disturbances When Going through the Top of the Sub-Cloud Layer

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