Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles on Adhesive Bond Strength and Viscosity of Dentin Polymer: A Physical and Chemical Evaluation
The present study aimed to formulate an experimental adhesive (EA) and reinforce it with 5 wt.% titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) or zirconium oxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) to yield 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> and 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> adhesives, respectively, and then...
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2021
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oai:doaj.org-article:1099fc815cc1424da596a28a8d3da6df2021-11-11T18:47:36ZInfluence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles on Adhesive Bond Strength and Viscosity of Dentin Polymer: A Physical and Chemical Evaluation10.3390/polym132137942073-4360https://doaj.org/article/1099fc815cc1424da596a28a8d3da6df2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/21/3794https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4360The present study aimed to formulate an experimental adhesive (EA) and reinforce it with 5 wt.% titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) or zirconium oxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) to yield 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> and 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> adhesives, respectively, and then analyze the impact of this reinforcement on various mechanical properties of the adhesives. The EA contained a blend of monomers such as bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate (BisGMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and ethyl 4-dimethylamino benzoate and camphorquinone. The EA included ethyl 4-dimethylamino benzoate and camphorquinone photo-initiators, and diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP) was also included to act as an electron initiator. The TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were incorporated into the EA post-synthesis. To characterize the filler nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and line-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy were performed. The adhesives were characterized by analyzing their rheological properties, shear-bond strength (SBS), and interfacial failure types. Further, the resin–dentin interface was also analyzed via SEM. The TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were spherically shaped on the SEM micrographs, while the ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were seen as non-uniformly shaped agglomerates. The EDX mapping demonstrated the presence of Ti and oxygen for TiO<sub>2</sub> and Zr and oxygen for the ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. Both 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> and 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> adhesives revealed decreased viscosity as compared with the EA. The 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> adhesive demonstrated higher SBS values for both non-thermocycled (NTC) and thermocycled samples (NTC: 25.35 ± 1.53, TC: 23.89 ± 1.95 MPa), followed by the 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> adhesive group (NTC: 23.10 ± 2.22, TC: 20.72 ± 1.32 MPa). The bulk of the failures (>70%) were of adhesive type in all groups. The SEM analysis of the resin–dentin interface revealed the development of a hybrid layer and resin tags (of variable depth) for the EA and 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> groups. However, for the 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> group, the hybrid layer and resin tag establishment appeared compromised. Reinforcement of the EA with TiO<sub>2</sub> or ZrO<sub>2</sub> caused an increase in the adhesive’s SBS (with the 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> group demonstrating the highest values) in comparison with the EA (without nanoparticles). However, both nanoparticle-containing adhesives revealed decreased viscosity compared with the EA (without nanoparticles). Further studies investigating the impact of diverse filler concentrations on the properties of adhesives are suggested.Samar Al-SalehAbdullah AlateeqAbdulaziz H. AlshayaAmal S. Al-QahtaniHuda I. TulbahMashael BinhasanSara ShabibImran FarooqFahim VohraTariq AbduljabbarMDPI AGarticleadhesivedentinbondingzirconiumtitaniummicroscopyOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENPolymers, Vol 13, Iss 3794, p 3794 (2021) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
adhesive dentin bonding zirconium titanium microscopy Organic chemistry QD241-441 |
| spellingShingle |
adhesive dentin bonding zirconium titanium microscopy Organic chemistry QD241-441 Samar Al-Saleh Abdullah Alateeq Abdulaziz H. Alshaya Amal S. Al-Qahtani Huda I. Tulbah Mashael Binhasan Sara Shabib Imran Farooq Fahim Vohra Tariq Abduljabbar Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles on Adhesive Bond Strength and Viscosity of Dentin Polymer: A Physical and Chemical Evaluation |
| description |
The present study aimed to formulate an experimental adhesive (EA) and reinforce it with 5 wt.% titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) or zirconium oxide (ZrO<sub>2</sub>) to yield 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> and 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> adhesives, respectively, and then analyze the impact of this reinforcement on various mechanical properties of the adhesives. The EA contained a blend of monomers such as bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate (BisGMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and ethyl 4-dimethylamino benzoate and camphorquinone. The EA included ethyl 4-dimethylamino benzoate and camphorquinone photo-initiators, and diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP) was also included to act as an electron initiator. The TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were incorporated into the EA post-synthesis. To characterize the filler nanoparticles, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and line-energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy were performed. The adhesives were characterized by analyzing their rheological properties, shear-bond strength (SBS), and interfacial failure types. Further, the resin–dentin interface was also analyzed via SEM. The TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were spherically shaped on the SEM micrographs, while the ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles were seen as non-uniformly shaped agglomerates. The EDX mapping demonstrated the presence of Ti and oxygen for TiO<sub>2</sub> and Zr and oxygen for the ZrO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles. Both 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> and 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> adhesives revealed decreased viscosity as compared with the EA. The 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> adhesive demonstrated higher SBS values for both non-thermocycled (NTC) and thermocycled samples (NTC: 25.35 ± 1.53, TC: 23.89 ± 1.95 MPa), followed by the 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> adhesive group (NTC: 23.10 ± 2.22, TC: 20.72 ± 1.32 MPa). The bulk of the failures (>70%) were of adhesive type in all groups. The SEM analysis of the resin–dentin interface revealed the development of a hybrid layer and resin tags (of variable depth) for the EA and 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> groups. However, for the 5% ZrO<sub>2</sub> group, the hybrid layer and resin tag establishment appeared compromised. Reinforcement of the EA with TiO<sub>2</sub> or ZrO<sub>2</sub> caused an increase in the adhesive’s SBS (with the 5% TiO<sub>2</sub> group demonstrating the highest values) in comparison with the EA (without nanoparticles). However, both nanoparticle-containing adhesives revealed decreased viscosity compared with the EA (without nanoparticles). Further studies investigating the impact of diverse filler concentrations on the properties of adhesives are suggested. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Samar Al-Saleh Abdullah Alateeq Abdulaziz H. Alshaya Amal S. Al-Qahtani Huda I. Tulbah Mashael Binhasan Sara Shabib Imran Farooq Fahim Vohra Tariq Abduljabbar |
| author_facet |
Samar Al-Saleh Abdullah Alateeq Abdulaziz H. Alshaya Amal S. Al-Qahtani Huda I. Tulbah Mashael Binhasan Sara Shabib Imran Farooq Fahim Vohra Tariq Abduljabbar |
| author_sort |
Samar Al-Saleh |
| title |
Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles on Adhesive Bond Strength and Viscosity of Dentin Polymer: A Physical and Chemical Evaluation |
| title_short |
Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles on Adhesive Bond Strength and Viscosity of Dentin Polymer: A Physical and Chemical Evaluation |
| title_full |
Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles on Adhesive Bond Strength and Viscosity of Dentin Polymer: A Physical and Chemical Evaluation |
| title_fullStr |
Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles on Adhesive Bond Strength and Viscosity of Dentin Polymer: A Physical and Chemical Evaluation |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Influence of TiO<sub>2</sub> and ZrO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles on Adhesive Bond Strength and Viscosity of Dentin Polymer: A Physical and Chemical Evaluation |
| title_sort |
influence of tio<sub>2</sub> and zro<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles on adhesive bond strength and viscosity of dentin polymer: a physical and chemical evaluation |
| publisher |
MDPI AG |
| publishDate |
2021 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/1099fc815cc1424da596a28a8d3da6df |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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1718431687516356608 |