Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia

To understand the mechanisms underlying preserved and impaired cognitive function in healthy aging and dementia, respectively, the spatial relationships of brain networks and mechanisms of their resilience should be understood. The hub regions of the brain, such as the multisensory integration and d...

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Autores principales:	Hirohisa Watanabe, Epifanio Bagarinao, Satoshi Maesawa, Kazuhiro Hara, Kazuya Kawabata, Aya Ogura, Reiko Ohdake, Sayuri Shima, Yasuaki Mizutani, Akihiro Ueda, Mizuki Ito, Masahisa Katsuno, Gen Sobue
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	resting state network (RSN) anatomical networks MRI aging dementia network hub Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1103fb37be0c4c39aefb6cd4cebd1a7e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1103fb37be0c4c39aefb6cd4cebd1a7e2021-11-22T07:23:59ZCharacteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia1663-436510.3389/fnagi.2021.747359https://doaj.org/article/1103fb37be0c4c39aefb6cd4cebd1a7e2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2021.747359/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/1663-4365To understand the mechanisms underlying preserved and impaired cognitive function in healthy aging and dementia, respectively, the spatial relationships of brain networks and mechanisms of their resilience should be understood. The hub regions of the brain, such as the multisensory integration and default mode networks, are critical for within- and between-network communication, remain well-preserved during aging, and play an essential role in compensatory processes. On the other hand, these brain hubs are the preferred sites for lesions in neurodegenerative dementias, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Disrupted primary information processing networks, such as the auditory, visual, and sensorimotor networks, may lead to overactivity of the multisensory integration networks and accumulation of pathological proteins that cause dementia. At the cellular level, the brain hub regions contain many synapses and require a large amount of energy. These regions are rich in ATP-related gene expression and had high glucose metabolism as demonstrated on positron emission tomography (PET). Importantly, the number and function of mitochondria, which are the center of ATP production, decline by about 8% every 10 years. Dementia patients often have dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems, which require large amounts of ATP. If there is low energy supply but the demand is high, the risk of disease can be high. Imbalance between energy supply and demand may cause accumulation of pathological proteins and play an important role in the development of dementia. This energy imbalance may explain why brain hub regions are vulnerable to damage in different dementias. Here, we review (1) the characteristics of gray matter network, white matter network, and resting state functional network changes related to resilience in healthy aging, (2) the mode of resting state functional network disruption in neurodegenerative dementia, and (3) the cellular mechanisms associated with the disruption.Hirohisa WatanabeHirohisa WatanabeEpifanio BagarinaoEpifanio BagarinaoSatoshi MaesawaSatoshi MaesawaKazuhiro HaraKazuya KawabataAya OguraReiko OhdakeReiko OhdakeSayuri ShimaYasuaki MizutaniAkihiro UedaMizuki ItoMasahisa KatsunoGen SobueGen SobueFrontiers Media S.A.articleresting state network (RSN)anatomical networksMRIagingdementianetwork hubNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENFrontiers in Aging Neuroscience, Vol 13 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	resting state network (RSN) anatomical networks MRI aging dementia network hub Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	resting state network (RSN) anatomical networks MRI aging dementia network hub Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Hirohisa Watanabe Hirohisa Watanabe Epifanio Bagarinao Epifanio Bagarinao Satoshi Maesawa Satoshi Maesawa Kazuhiro Hara Kazuya Kawabata Aya Ogura Reiko Ohdake Reiko Ohdake Sayuri Shima Yasuaki Mizutani Akihiro Ueda Mizuki Ito Masahisa Katsuno Gen Sobue Gen Sobue Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia
description	To understand the mechanisms underlying preserved and impaired cognitive function in healthy aging and dementia, respectively, the spatial relationships of brain networks and mechanisms of their resilience should be understood. The hub regions of the brain, such as the multisensory integration and default mode networks, are critical for within- and between-network communication, remain well-preserved during aging, and play an essential role in compensatory processes. On the other hand, these brain hubs are the preferred sites for lesions in neurodegenerative dementias, such as Alzheimer’s disease. Disrupted primary information processing networks, such as the auditory, visual, and sensorimotor networks, may lead to overactivity of the multisensory integration networks and accumulation of pathological proteins that cause dementia. At the cellular level, the brain hub regions contain many synapses and require a large amount of energy. These regions are rich in ATP-related gene expression and had high glucose metabolism as demonstrated on positron emission tomography (PET). Importantly, the number and function of mitochondria, which are the center of ATP production, decline by about 8% every 10 years. Dementia patients often have dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems, which require large amounts of ATP. If there is low energy supply but the demand is high, the risk of disease can be high. Imbalance between energy supply and demand may cause accumulation of pathological proteins and play an important role in the development of dementia. This energy imbalance may explain why brain hub regions are vulnerable to damage in different dementias. Here, we review (1) the characteristics of gray matter network, white matter network, and resting state functional network changes related to resilience in healthy aging, (2) the mode of resting state functional network disruption in neurodegenerative dementia, and (3) the cellular mechanisms associated with the disruption.
format	article
author	Hirohisa Watanabe Hirohisa Watanabe Epifanio Bagarinao Epifanio Bagarinao Satoshi Maesawa Satoshi Maesawa Kazuhiro Hara Kazuya Kawabata Aya Ogura Reiko Ohdake Reiko Ohdake Sayuri Shima Yasuaki Mizutani Akihiro Ueda Mizuki Ito Masahisa Katsuno Gen Sobue Gen Sobue
author_facet	Hirohisa Watanabe Hirohisa Watanabe Epifanio Bagarinao Epifanio Bagarinao Satoshi Maesawa Satoshi Maesawa Kazuhiro Hara Kazuya Kawabata Aya Ogura Reiko Ohdake Reiko Ohdake Sayuri Shima Yasuaki Mizutani Akihiro Ueda Mizuki Ito Masahisa Katsuno Gen Sobue Gen Sobue
author_sort	Hirohisa Watanabe
title	Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia
title_short	Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia
title_full	Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia
title_fullStr	Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia
title_full_unstemmed	Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia
title_sort	characteristics of neural network changes in normal aging and early dementia
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1103fb37be0c4c39aefb6cd4cebd1a7e
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Characteristics of Neural Network Changes in Normal Aging and Early Dementia

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