Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of life-threatening infections worldwide. The MIC of an antibiotic against S. aureus, as well as other microbes, is determined by the affinity of the antibiotic for its target in addition to a complex interplay of many other cellular factors. Identif...

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Autores principales:	Mithila Rajagopal, Melissa J. Martin, Marina Santiago, Wonsik Lee, Veronica N. Kos, Tim Meredith, Michael S. Gilmore, Suzanne Walker
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2016
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/113a670e2e7749bba26e3ca9490bf997
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:113a670e2e7749bba26e3ca9490bf9972021-11-15T15:50:19ZMultidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries10.1128/mBio.00950-162150-7511https://doaj.org/article/113a670e2e7749bba26e3ca9490bf9972016-09-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00950-16https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of life-threatening infections worldwide. The MIC of an antibiotic against S. aureus, as well as other microbes, is determined by the affinity of the antibiotic for its target in addition to a complex interplay of many other cellular factors. Identifying nontarget factors impacting resistance to multiple antibiotics could inform the design of new compounds and lead to more-effective antimicrobial strategies. We examined large collections of transposon insertion mutants in S. aureus using transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) to detect transposon mutants with reduced fitness in the presence of six clinically important antibiotics—ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, gentamicin, linezolid, oxacillin, and vancomycin. This approach allowed us to assess the relative fitness of many mutants simultaneously within these libraries. We identified pathways/genes previously known to be involved in resistance to individual antibiotics, including graRS and vraFG (graRS/vraFG), mprF, and fmtA, validating the approach, and found several to be important across multiple classes of antibiotics. We also identified two new, previously uncharacterized genes, SAOUHSC_01025 and SAOUHSC_01050, encoding polytopic membrane proteins, as important in limiting the effectiveness of multiple antibiotics. Machine learning identified similarities in the fitness profiles of graXRS/vraFG, SAOUHSC_01025, and SAOUHSC_01050 mutants upon antibiotic treatment, connecting these genes of unknown function to modulation of crucial cell envelope properties. Therapeutic strategies that combine a known antibiotic with a compound that targets these or other intrinsic resistance factors may be of value for enhancing the activity of existing antibiotics for treating otherwise-resistant S. aureus strains. IMPORTANCE Bacterial resistance to every major class of antibiotics has emerged, and we are entering a “post-antibiotic era” where relatively minor infections can lead to serious complications or even death. The utility of an antibiotic for a specific pathogen is limited by both intrinsic and acquired factors. Identifying the repertoire of intrinsic resistance factors of an antibiotic for Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of community- and hospital-acquired infections, would inform the design of new drugs as well as the identification of compounds that enhance the activity of existing drugs. To identify factors that limit the activity of antibiotics against S. aureus, we used Tn-Seq to simultaneously assess fitness of transposon mutants in every nonessential gene in the presence of six clinically important antibiotics. This work provides an efficient approach for identifying promising targets for drugs that can enhance susceptibility or restore sensitivity to existing antibiotics.Mithila RajagopalMelissa J. MartinMarina SantiagoWonsik LeeVeronica N. KosTim MeredithMichael S. GilmoreSuzanne WalkerAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 7, Iss 4 (2016)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Mithila Rajagopal Melissa J. Martin Marina Santiago Wonsik Lee Veronica N. Kos Tim Meredith Michael S. Gilmore Suzanne Walker Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries
description	ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of life-threatening infections worldwide. The MIC of an antibiotic against S. aureus, as well as other microbes, is determined by the affinity of the antibiotic for its target in addition to a complex interplay of many other cellular factors. Identifying nontarget factors impacting resistance to multiple antibiotics could inform the design of new compounds and lead to more-effective antimicrobial strategies. We examined large collections of transposon insertion mutants in S. aureus using transposon sequencing (Tn-Seq) to detect transposon mutants with reduced fitness in the presence of six clinically important antibiotics—ciprofloxacin, daptomycin, gentamicin, linezolid, oxacillin, and vancomycin. This approach allowed us to assess the relative fitness of many mutants simultaneously within these libraries. We identified pathways/genes previously known to be involved in resistance to individual antibiotics, including graRS and vraFG (graRS/vraFG), mprF, and fmtA, validating the approach, and found several to be important across multiple classes of antibiotics. We also identified two new, previously uncharacterized genes, SAOUHSC_01025 and SAOUHSC_01050, encoding polytopic membrane proteins, as important in limiting the effectiveness of multiple antibiotics. Machine learning identified similarities in the fitness profiles of graXRS/vraFG, SAOUHSC_01025, and SAOUHSC_01050 mutants upon antibiotic treatment, connecting these genes of unknown function to modulation of crucial cell envelope properties. Therapeutic strategies that combine a known antibiotic with a compound that targets these or other intrinsic resistance factors may be of value for enhancing the activity of existing antibiotics for treating otherwise-resistant S. aureus strains. IMPORTANCE Bacterial resistance to every major class of antibiotics has emerged, and we are entering a “post-antibiotic era” where relatively minor infections can lead to serious complications or even death. The utility of an antibiotic for a specific pathogen is limited by both intrinsic and acquired factors. Identifying the repertoire of intrinsic resistance factors of an antibiotic for Staphylococcus aureus, a leading cause of community- and hospital-acquired infections, would inform the design of new drugs as well as the identification of compounds that enhance the activity of existing drugs. To identify factors that limit the activity of antibiotics against S. aureus, we used Tn-Seq to simultaneously assess fitness of transposon mutants in every nonessential gene in the presence of six clinically important antibiotics. This work provides an efficient approach for identifying promising targets for drugs that can enhance susceptibility or restore sensitivity to existing antibiotics.
format	article
author	Mithila Rajagopal Melissa J. Martin Marina Santiago Wonsik Lee Veronica N. Kos Tim Meredith Michael S. Gilmore Suzanne Walker
author_facet	Mithila Rajagopal Melissa J. Martin Marina Santiago Wonsik Lee Veronica N. Kos Tim Meredith Michael S. Gilmore Suzanne Walker
author_sort	Mithila Rajagopal
title	Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries
title_short	Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries
title_full	Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries
title_fullStr	Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries
title_full_unstemmed	Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries
title_sort	multidrug intrinsic resistance factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">staphylococcus aureus</named-content> identified by profiling fitness within high-diversity transposon libraries
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2016
url	https://doaj.org/article/113a670e2e7749bba26e3ca9490bf997
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Multidrug Intrinsic Resistance Factors in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Staphylococcus aureus</named-content> Identified by Profiling Fitness within High-Diversity Transposon Libraries

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