Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

Background: Early biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are critical both to initiate interventions and to choose participants for clinical trials. Odor threshold, odor identification and odor familiarity are impaired in AD. Methods: We investigated the relative abilities of standard scre...

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Autores principales:	Paul Loyd Wheeler, Claire Murphy
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	Alzheimer’s disease biomarker MCI apolipoprotein E odor threshold odor identification Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/11a5db0057634df992edc827a7340897
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:11a5db0057634df992edc827a73408972021-11-25T16:56:24ZOlfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease10.3390/brainsci111113912076-3425https://doaj.org/article/11a5db0057634df992edc827a73408972021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/11/1391https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3425Background: Early biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are critical both to initiate interventions and to choose participants for clinical trials. Odor threshold, odor identification and odor familiarity are impaired in AD. Methods: We investigated the relative abilities of standard screening (MMSE) and olfactory measures to predict transitions from cognitively normal (CN) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), from CN to AD, and MCI to AD. The archival sample of 497, from the UCSD ADRC, included participants who were CN, MCI, AD and converters to MCI or AD. Apoe ε4 status, a genetic risk factor, was available for 256 participants, 132 were ε4 carriers. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve plots the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to determine diagnostic accuracy. Results: Different measures were better predictors at specific stages of disease risk; e.g., odor familiarity, odor identification and the combination showed higher predictive value for converting from MCI to AD in ε4 carriers than the MMSE. Combining odor familiarity and odor identification produced an AUC of 1.0 in ε4 carriers, MMSE alone was 0.58. Conclusions: Olfactory biomarkers show real promise as non-invasive indicators of prodromal AD. The results support the value of combining olfactory measures in assessment of risk for conversion to MCI and to AD.Paul Loyd WheelerClaire MurphyMDPI AGarticleAlzheimer’s diseasebiomarkerMCIapolipoprotein Eodor thresholdodor identificationNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571ENBrain Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 1391, p 1391 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Alzheimer’s disease biomarker MCI apolipoprotein E odor threshold odor identification Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571
spellingShingle	Alzheimer’s disease biomarker MCI apolipoprotein E odor threshold odor identification Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Paul Loyd Wheeler Claire Murphy Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
description	Background: Early biomarkers of prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are critical both to initiate interventions and to choose participants for clinical trials. Odor threshold, odor identification and odor familiarity are impaired in AD. Methods: We investigated the relative abilities of standard screening (MMSE) and olfactory measures to predict transitions from cognitively normal (CN) to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), from CN to AD, and MCI to AD. The archival sample of 497, from the UCSD ADRC, included participants who were CN, MCI, AD and converters to MCI or AD. Apoe ε4 status, a genetic risk factor, was available for 256 participants, 132 were ε4 carriers. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve plots the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used to determine diagnostic accuracy. Results: Different measures were better predictors at specific stages of disease risk; e.g., odor familiarity, odor identification and the combination showed higher predictive value for converting from MCI to AD in ε4 carriers than the MMSE. Combining odor familiarity and odor identification produced an AUC of 1.0 in ε4 carriers, MMSE alone was 0.58. Conclusions: Olfactory biomarkers show real promise as non-invasive indicators of prodromal AD. The results support the value of combining olfactory measures in assessment of risk for conversion to MCI and to AD.
format	article
author	Paul Loyd Wheeler Claire Murphy
author_facet	Paul Loyd Wheeler Claire Murphy
author_sort	Paul Loyd Wheeler
title	Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
title_short	Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
title_full	Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
title_fullStr	Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
title_full_unstemmed	Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
title_sort	olfactory measures as predictors of conversion to mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer’s disease
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/11a5db0057634df992edc827a7340897
work_keys_str_mv	AT paulloydwheeler olfactorymeasuresaspredictorsofconversiontomildcognitiveimpairmentandalzheimersdisease AT clairemurphy olfactorymeasuresaspredictorsofconversiontomildcognitiveimpairmentandalzheimersdisease
_version_	1718412819845611520

Olfactory Measures as Predictors of Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease

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