Zoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland

Wild carnivores, both introduced and native species, are able to adapt well to peri-urban environments, facilitating cross-species pathogen transmission with domestic animals, and potentially humans. The role of wild living reservoir hosts cannot be ignored because of their known carriage of <i&g...

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Autores principales:	Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak, Kinga Leśniańska, Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik, Dorota Merta, Marcin Popiołek, Joanna Hildebrand
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	<i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> zoonotic genotypes raccoon dog raccoon carnivores Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/120dede788ba4ba6bfe4439ea9e613cc
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:120dede788ba4ba6bfe4439ea9e613cc2021-11-25T18:38:34ZZoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland10.3390/pathogens101114782076-0817https://doaj.org/article/120dede788ba4ba6bfe4439ea9e613cc2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/10/11/1478https://doaj.org/toc/2076-0817Wild carnivores, both introduced and native species, are able to adapt well to peri-urban environments, facilitating cross-species pathogen transmission with domestic animals, and potentially humans. The role of wild living reservoir hosts cannot be ignored because of their known carriage of <i>E. bieneusi</i> zoonotic genotypes. In the past decades, populations of wild living carnivores, i.e., native, such as red foxes, and invasive, such as raccoon dogs and raccoons, have increased and adapted to synanthropic environments across Europe, including Poland. The knowledge concerning <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotype identification and distribution in wild carnivores is limited worldwide. A total of 322 individual fecal samples from six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine and beech martens, were collected and then analysed for the presence of <i>E. bieneusi</i> using the nested PCR method. Overall prevalence of the pathogen was estimated to be as high as 27.3%. The infection rates for <i>E. bieneusi</i> varied between the carnivore species, from 13.7% in beech martens to 40.4% in raccoon dogs. Based on sequence analysis of the ITS region of the rRNA gene marker, we detected five known genotypes of <i>E. bieneusi</i> in examined animals. In the invasive species, <i>E. bieneusi</i> NCF2 and D genotypes have been identified, whereas in the native ones, <i>E. bieneusi</i> NCF2, D, C, EbCar2 and Type IV genotypes were identified. All <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotypes recorded in this survey clustered in Group 1, showing their zoonotic potential. Our results provide the first description of the occurrence and genotypes of the microsporidian <i>E. bieneusi</i> in wild living population of raccoon dogs in Europe. Our findings are important for the study of pathogen epidemiology and emphasize the fact that the invasive and the native wild living carnivores, both widely distributed, should be considered more seriously as significant sources of zoonotic pathogens hazardous to domestic and farmed animals and humans.Agnieszka Perec-MatysiakKinga LeśniańskaKatarzyna Buńkowska-GawlikDorota MertaMarcin PopiołekJoanna HildebrandMDPI AGarticle<i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i>zoonotic genotypesraccoon dograccooncarnivoresMedicineRENPathogens, Vol 10, Iss 1478, p 1478 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	<i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> zoonotic genotypes raccoon dog raccoon carnivores Medicine R
spellingShingle	<i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> zoonotic genotypes raccoon dog raccoon carnivores Medicine R Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak Kinga Leśniańska Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik Dorota Merta Marcin Popiołek Joanna Hildebrand Zoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland
description	Wild carnivores, both introduced and native species, are able to adapt well to peri-urban environments, facilitating cross-species pathogen transmission with domestic animals, and potentially humans. The role of wild living reservoir hosts cannot be ignored because of their known carriage of <i>E. bieneusi</i> zoonotic genotypes. In the past decades, populations of wild living carnivores, i.e., native, such as red foxes, and invasive, such as raccoon dogs and raccoons, have increased and adapted to synanthropic environments across Europe, including Poland. The knowledge concerning <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotype identification and distribution in wild carnivores is limited worldwide. A total of 322 individual fecal samples from six carnivore species, i.e., raccoon, raccoon dog, red fox, European badger, pine and beech martens, were collected and then analysed for the presence of <i>E. bieneusi</i> using the nested PCR method. Overall prevalence of the pathogen was estimated to be as high as 27.3%. The infection rates for <i>E. bieneusi</i> varied between the carnivore species, from 13.7% in beech martens to 40.4% in raccoon dogs. Based on sequence analysis of the ITS region of the rRNA gene marker, we detected five known genotypes of <i>E. bieneusi</i> in examined animals. In the invasive species, <i>E. bieneusi</i> NCF2 and D genotypes have been identified, whereas in the native ones, <i>E. bieneusi</i> NCF2, D, C, EbCar2 and Type IV genotypes were identified. All <i>E. bieneusi</i> genotypes recorded in this survey clustered in Group 1, showing their zoonotic potential. Our results provide the first description of the occurrence and genotypes of the microsporidian <i>E. bieneusi</i> in wild living population of raccoon dogs in Europe. Our findings are important for the study of pathogen epidemiology and emphasize the fact that the invasive and the native wild living carnivores, both widely distributed, should be considered more seriously as significant sources of zoonotic pathogens hazardous to domestic and farmed animals and humans.
format	article
author	Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak Kinga Leśniańska Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik Dorota Merta Marcin Popiołek Joanna Hildebrand
author_facet	Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak Kinga Leśniańska Katarzyna Buńkowska-Gawlik Dorota Merta Marcin Popiołek Joanna Hildebrand
author_sort	Agnieszka Perec-Matysiak
title	Zoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland
title_short	Zoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland
title_full	Zoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland
title_fullStr	Zoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland
title_full_unstemmed	Zoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland
title_sort	zoonotic genotypes of <i>enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in wild living invasive and native carnivores in poland
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/120dede788ba4ba6bfe4439ea9e613cc
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Zoonotic Genotypes of <i>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</i> in Wild Living Invasive and Native Carnivores in Poland

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