Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths

Rie Takahashi, Kanno Okamura, Tomoko Tsukahara-Kawamura, Kazuhiro Harada, Yusuke Saeki, Hiroaki Ozaki, Eiichi Uchio Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, JapanCorrespondence: Eiichi UchioDepartment of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1...

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Autores principales:	Takahashi R, Okamura K, Tsukahara-Kawamura T, Harada K, Saeki Y, Ozaki H, Uchio E
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2020
Materias:	airsoft gun finite element analysis globe cornea rupture deformation Ophthalmology RE1-994
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/121692c915a141f9b8ea6e1388c8aec2
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:121692c915a141f9b8ea6e1388c8aec22021-12-02T10:12:01ZFinite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths1177-5483https://doaj.org/article/121692c915a141f9b8ea6e1388c8aec22020-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/finite-element-analysis-of-changes-in-tensile-strain-by-airsoft-gun-im-peer-reviewed-article-OPTHhttps://doaj.org/toc/1177-5483Rie Takahashi, Kanno Okamura, Tomoko Tsukahara-Kawamura, Kazuhiro Harada, Yusuke Saeki, Hiroaki Ozaki, Eiichi Uchio Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, JapanCorrespondence: Eiichi UchioDepartment of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka, Jonan-Ku 814-0180, JapanTel +81 92 801 1011Fax +81 92 865 4445Email euchio@fukuoka-u.ac.jpPurpose: We have carried out three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the physical and mechanical response in several ocular injuries. We applied this FEA model to evaluate an airsoft gun impact on an eye and the deformation rate of eyes of various axial lengths at various velocities.Methods: This study was carried out on a human eye model using an FEA program created by Nihon, ESI Group. The airsoft gun pellet was set to impact the eye at initial velocities of 45, 60 and 75 m/s with the addition of variation in axial length of 20 mm (hyperopia), 22 mm (emmetropia), 24 mm (myopia) and 26 mm (high myopia). Deformation of the eye was calculated as the decrease rate of the volume of the eyeball and the decrease rate of the axial length.Results: In all emmetropic cases, the cornea reached its strain threshold during the impact, and scleral strain showed a patchy strength distribution in the simulation. The deformation was most evident in the anterior segment, while deformation of the posterior segment was less. The decrease rate of the volume of the eyeball and decrease rate of the axial length were highest in the hyperopic eye, followed by the emmetropic eye and myopic eye, and the high myopic eye showed the lowest decrease rates among the four axial lengths in all impact velocity simulations.Conclusion: These results suggest that hyperopic eyes are most susceptible to deformation by an airsoft gun impact compared with other axial length eye models in this simulation. The considerable deformation by an airsoft gun impact shown in this study might indicate the necessity of ocular protection to avoid permanent eye injury. FEA using a human eyeball model might be a useful method to analyze and predict the mechanical features of ocular injury by an airsoft gun.Keywords: airsoft gun, finite element analysis, globe, cornea, rupture, deformationTakahashi ROkamura KTsukahara-Kawamura THarada KSaeki YOzaki HUchio EDove Medical Pressarticleairsoft gunfinite element analysisglobecornearupturedeformationOphthalmologyRE1-994ENClinical Ophthalmology, Vol Volume 14, Pp 1445-1450 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	airsoft gun finite element analysis globe cornea rupture deformation Ophthalmology RE1-994
spellingShingle	airsoft gun finite element analysis globe cornea rupture deformation Ophthalmology RE1-994 Takahashi R Okamura K Tsukahara-Kawamura T Harada K Saeki Y Ozaki H Uchio E Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths
description	Rie Takahashi, Kanno Okamura, Tomoko Tsukahara-Kawamura, Kazuhiro Harada, Yusuke Saeki, Hiroaki Ozaki, Eiichi Uchio Department of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, JapanCorrespondence: Eiichi UchioDepartment of Ophthalmology, Fukuoka University School of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka, Jonan-Ku 814-0180, JapanTel +81 92 801 1011Fax +81 92 865 4445Email euchio@fukuoka-u.ac.jpPurpose: We have carried out three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) to determine the physical and mechanical response in several ocular injuries. We applied this FEA model to evaluate an airsoft gun impact on an eye and the deformation rate of eyes of various axial lengths at various velocities.Methods: This study was carried out on a human eye model using an FEA program created by Nihon, ESI Group. The airsoft gun pellet was set to impact the eye at initial velocities of 45, 60 and 75 m/s with the addition of variation in axial length of 20 mm (hyperopia), 22 mm (emmetropia), 24 mm (myopia) and 26 mm (high myopia). Deformation of the eye was calculated as the decrease rate of the volume of the eyeball and the decrease rate of the axial length.Results: In all emmetropic cases, the cornea reached its strain threshold during the impact, and scleral strain showed a patchy strength distribution in the simulation. The deformation was most evident in the anterior segment, while deformation of the posterior segment was less. The decrease rate of the volume of the eyeball and decrease rate of the axial length were highest in the hyperopic eye, followed by the emmetropic eye and myopic eye, and the high myopic eye showed the lowest decrease rates among the four axial lengths in all impact velocity simulations.Conclusion: These results suggest that hyperopic eyes are most susceptible to deformation by an airsoft gun impact compared with other axial length eye models in this simulation. The considerable deformation by an airsoft gun impact shown in this study might indicate the necessity of ocular protection to avoid permanent eye injury. FEA using a human eyeball model might be a useful method to analyze and predict the mechanical features of ocular injury by an airsoft gun.Keywords: airsoft gun, finite element analysis, globe, cornea, rupture, deformation
format	article
author	Takahashi R Okamura K Tsukahara-Kawamura T Harada K Saeki Y Ozaki H Uchio E
author_facet	Takahashi R Okamura K Tsukahara-Kawamura T Harada K Saeki Y Ozaki H Uchio E
author_sort	Takahashi R
title	Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths
title_short	Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths
title_full	Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths
title_fullStr	Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths
title_full_unstemmed	Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths
title_sort	finite element analysis of changes in tensile strain by airsoft gun impact on eye and deformation rate in eyes of various axial lengths
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/121692c915a141f9b8ea6e1388c8aec2
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Finite Element Analysis of Changes in Tensile Strain by Airsoft Gun Impact on Eye and Deformation Rate in Eyes of Various Axial Lengths

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