Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300

ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), encodes two proteases required for replication. The main protease (Mpro), encoded as part of two polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, is responsible for 11 different cleavages...

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Autores principales:	David A. Davis, Haydar Bulut, Prabha Shrestha, Amulya Yaparla, Hannah K. Jaeger, Shin-ichiro Hattori, Paul T. Wingfield, John J. Mieyal, Hiroaki Mitsuya, Robert Yarchoan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2021
Materias:	COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 dimerization drug targets glutaredoxin glutathionylation Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/125d60db37064da6acb66a5868cdb04c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:125d60db37064da6acb66a5868cdb04c2021-11-10T18:37:52ZRegulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 30010.1128/mBio.02094-212150-7511https://doaj.org/article/125d60db37064da6acb66a5868cdb04c2021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.02094-21https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), encodes two proteases required for replication. The main protease (Mpro), encoded as part of two polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, is responsible for 11 different cleavages of these viral polyproteins to produce mature proteins required for viral replication. Mpro is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Certain proteins in cells under oxidative stress undergo modification of reactive cysteines. We show Mpro is susceptible to glutathionylation, leading to inhibition of dimerization and activity. Activity of glutathionylated Mpro could be restored with reducing agents or glutaredoxin. Analytical studies demonstrated that glutathionylated Mpro primarily exists as a monomer and that modification of a single cysteine with glutathione is sufficient to block dimerization and inhibit its activity. Gel filtration studies as well as analytical ultracentrifugation confirmed that glutathionylated Mpro exists as a monomer. Tryptic and chymotryptic digestions of Mpro as well as experiments using a C300S Mpro mutant revealed that Cys300, which is located at the dimer interface, is a primary target of glutathionylation. Moreover, Cys300 is required for inhibition of activity upon Mpro glutathionylation. These findings indicate that Mpro dimerization and activity can be regulated through reversible glutathionylation of a non-active site cysteine, Cys300, which itself is not required for Mpro activity, and provides a novel target for the development of agents to block Mpro dimerization and activity. This feature of Mpro may have relevance to the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and related bat coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is imperative that we learn as much as we can about the biochemistry of the coronavirus proteins to inform development of therapy. One attractive target is the main protease (Mpro), a dimeric enzyme necessary for viral replication. Most work thus far developing Mpro inhibitors has focused on the active site. Our work has revealed a regulatory mechanism for Mpro activity through glutathionylation of a cysteine (Cys300) at the dimer interface, which can occur in cells under oxidative stress. Cys300 glutathionylation inhibits Mpro activity by blocking its dimerization. This provides a novel accessible and reactive target for drug development. Moreover, this process may have implications for disease pathophysiology in humans and bats. It may be a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to limit replication and avoid killing host bats when they are under oxidative stress during flight.David A. DavisHaydar BulutPrabha ShresthaAmulya YaparlaHannah K. JaegerShin-ichiro HattoriPaul T. WingfieldJohn J. MieyalHiroaki MitsuyaRobert YarchoanAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleCOVID-19SARS-CoV-2dimerizationdrug targetsglutaredoxinglutathionylationMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 12, Iss 4 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 dimerization drug targets glutaredoxin glutathionylation Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 dimerization drug targets glutaredoxin glutathionylation Microbiology QR1-502 David A. Davis Haydar Bulut Prabha Shrestha Amulya Yaparla Hannah K. Jaeger Shin-ichiro Hattori Paul T. Wingfield John J. Mieyal Hiroaki Mitsuya Robert Yarchoan Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300
description	ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), encodes two proteases required for replication. The main protease (Mpro), encoded as part of two polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, is responsible for 11 different cleavages of these viral polyproteins to produce mature proteins required for viral replication. Mpro is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic interventions. Certain proteins in cells under oxidative stress undergo modification of reactive cysteines. We show Mpro is susceptible to glutathionylation, leading to inhibition of dimerization and activity. Activity of glutathionylated Mpro could be restored with reducing agents or glutaredoxin. Analytical studies demonstrated that glutathionylated Mpro primarily exists as a monomer and that modification of a single cysteine with glutathione is sufficient to block dimerization and inhibit its activity. Gel filtration studies as well as analytical ultracentrifugation confirmed that glutathionylated Mpro exists as a monomer. Tryptic and chymotryptic digestions of Mpro as well as experiments using a C300S Mpro mutant revealed that Cys300, which is located at the dimer interface, is a primary target of glutathionylation. Moreover, Cys300 is required for inhibition of activity upon Mpro glutathionylation. These findings indicate that Mpro dimerization and activity can be regulated through reversible glutathionylation of a non-active site cysteine, Cys300, which itself is not required for Mpro activity, and provides a novel target for the development of agents to block Mpro dimerization and activity. This feature of Mpro may have relevance to the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and related bat coronaviruses. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the devastating COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is imperative that we learn as much as we can about the biochemistry of the coronavirus proteins to inform development of therapy. One attractive target is the main protease (Mpro), a dimeric enzyme necessary for viral replication. Most work thus far developing Mpro inhibitors has focused on the active site. Our work has revealed a regulatory mechanism for Mpro activity through glutathionylation of a cysteine (Cys300) at the dimer interface, which can occur in cells under oxidative stress. Cys300 glutathionylation inhibits Mpro activity by blocking its dimerization. This provides a novel accessible and reactive target for drug development. Moreover, this process may have implications for disease pathophysiology in humans and bats. It may be a mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to limit replication and avoid killing host bats when they are under oxidative stress during flight.
format	article
author	David A. Davis Haydar Bulut Prabha Shrestha Amulya Yaparla Hannah K. Jaeger Shin-ichiro Hattori Paul T. Wingfield John J. Mieyal Hiroaki Mitsuya Robert Yarchoan
author_facet	David A. Davis Haydar Bulut Prabha Shrestha Amulya Yaparla Hannah K. Jaeger Shin-ichiro Hattori Paul T. Wingfield John J. Mieyal Hiroaki Mitsuya Robert Yarchoan
author_sort	David A. Davis
title	Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300
title_short	Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300
title_full	Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300
title_fullStr	Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300
title_full_unstemmed	Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300
title_sort	regulation of the dimerization and activity of sars-cov-2 main protease through reversible glutathionylation of cysteine 300
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/125d60db37064da6acb66a5868cdb04c
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Regulation of the Dimerization and Activity of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease through Reversible Glutathionylation of Cysteine 300

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