Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals

Anthropomorphic practices are increasing worldwide. Anthropomorphism is defined as the tendency to attribute human forms, behaviors, and emotions to non-human animals or objects. Anthropomorphism is particularly relevant for companion animals. Some anthropomorphic practices can be beneficial to them...

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Autores principales:	Daniel Mota-Rojas, Chiara Mariti, Andrea Zdeinert, Giacomo Riggio, Patricia Mora-Medina, Alondra del Mar Reyes, Angelo Gazzano, Adriana Domínguez-Oliva, Karina Lezama-García, Nancy José-Pérez, Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	attachment behavior emotions human–animal interaction pet clothes health Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/12633e20a2c845d3a95118d518de58db
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:12633e20a2c845d3a95118d518de58db2021-11-25T16:19:59ZAnthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals10.3390/ani111132632076-2615https://doaj.org/article/12633e20a2c845d3a95118d518de58db2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3263https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2615Anthropomorphic practices are increasing worldwide. Anthropomorphism is defined as the tendency to attribute human forms, behaviors, and emotions to non-human animals or objects. Anthropomorphism is particularly relevant for companion animals. Some anthropomorphic practices can be beneficial to them, whilst others can be very detrimental. Some anthropomorphic behaviors compromise the welfare and physiology of animals by interfering with thermoregulation, while others can produce dehydration due to the loss of body water, a condition that brings undesirable consequences such as high compensatory blood pressure and heat shock, even death, depending on the intensity and frequency of an animal’s exposure to these stressors. Malnutrition is a factor observed due to consumption of junk food or an imbalance in caloric proportions. This can cause obesity in pets that may have repercussions on their locomotor apparatus. Intense human–animal interaction can also lead to the establishment of attachment that impacts the mental state and behavior of animals, making them prone to develop aggression, fear, or anxiety separation syndrome. Another aspect is applying cosmetics to pets, though scientific studies have not yet determined whether cosmetic products such as coat dyes, nail polish, and lotions are beneficial or harmful for the animals, or to what extent. The cohabitation of animals in people’s homes can also constitute a public health risk due to infectious and zoonotic diseases. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the adverse effects of anthropomorphism on the welfare of companion animals from several angles—physiological, sanitary, and behavioral—based on a discussion of current scientific findings.Daniel Mota-RojasChiara MaritiAndrea ZdeinertGiacomo RiggioPatricia Mora-MedinaAlondra del Mar ReyesAngelo GazzanoAdriana Domínguez-OlivaKarina Lezama-GarcíaNancy José-PérezIsmael Hernández-ÁvalosMDPI AGarticleattachmentbehavioremotionshuman–animal interactionpet clotheshealthVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ZoologyQL1-991ENAnimals, Vol 11, Iss 3263, p 3263 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	attachment behavior emotions human–animal interaction pet clothes health Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
spellingShingle	attachment behavior emotions human–animal interaction pet clothes health Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991 Daniel Mota-Rojas Chiara Mariti Andrea Zdeinert Giacomo Riggio Patricia Mora-Medina Alondra del Mar Reyes Angelo Gazzano Adriana Domínguez-Oliva Karina Lezama-García Nancy José-Pérez Ismael Hernández-Ávalos Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals
description	Anthropomorphic practices are increasing worldwide. Anthropomorphism is defined as the tendency to attribute human forms, behaviors, and emotions to non-human animals or objects. Anthropomorphism is particularly relevant for companion animals. Some anthropomorphic practices can be beneficial to them, whilst others can be very detrimental. Some anthropomorphic behaviors compromise the welfare and physiology of animals by interfering with thermoregulation, while others can produce dehydration due to the loss of body water, a condition that brings undesirable consequences such as high compensatory blood pressure and heat shock, even death, depending on the intensity and frequency of an animal’s exposure to these stressors. Malnutrition is a factor observed due to consumption of junk food or an imbalance in caloric proportions. This can cause obesity in pets that may have repercussions on their locomotor apparatus. Intense human–animal interaction can also lead to the establishment of attachment that impacts the mental state and behavior of animals, making them prone to develop aggression, fear, or anxiety separation syndrome. Another aspect is applying cosmetics to pets, though scientific studies have not yet determined whether cosmetic products such as coat dyes, nail polish, and lotions are beneficial or harmful for the animals, or to what extent. The cohabitation of animals in people’s homes can also constitute a public health risk due to infectious and zoonotic diseases. In this context, this paper aims to analyze the adverse effects of anthropomorphism on the welfare of companion animals from several angles—physiological, sanitary, and behavioral—based on a discussion of current scientific findings.
format	article
author	Daniel Mota-Rojas Chiara Mariti Andrea Zdeinert Giacomo Riggio Patricia Mora-Medina Alondra del Mar Reyes Angelo Gazzano Adriana Domínguez-Oliva Karina Lezama-García Nancy José-Pérez Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
author_facet	Daniel Mota-Rojas Chiara Mariti Andrea Zdeinert Giacomo Riggio Patricia Mora-Medina Alondra del Mar Reyes Angelo Gazzano Adriana Domínguez-Oliva Karina Lezama-García Nancy José-Pérez Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
author_sort	Daniel Mota-Rojas
title	Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals
title_short	Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals
title_full	Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals
title_fullStr	Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals
title_full_unstemmed	Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals
title_sort	anthropomorphism and its adverse effects on the distress and welfare of companion animals
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/12633e20a2c845d3a95118d518de58db
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Anthropomorphism and Its Adverse Effects on the Distress and Welfare of Companion Animals

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