Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective

Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates ex...

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Autores principales:	Marawan A. Marawan, Abdulaziz Alouffi, Suleiman El Tokhy, Sara Badawy, Ihsanullah Shirani, Ali Dawood, Aizhen Guo, Mashal M. Almutairi, Fahdah Ayed Alshammari, Abdelfattah Selim
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	bovine leukosis genome prevalence pathogenesis clinical outcomes diagnosis Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/129ad6e306704d919bee82885f9e73f0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:129ad6e306704d919bee82885f9e73f02021-11-25T19:12:59ZBovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective10.3390/v131121671999-4915https://doaj.org/article/129ad6e306704d919bee82885f9e73f02021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/11/2167https://doaj.org/toc/1999-4915Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.Marawan A. MarawanAbdulaziz AlouffiSuleiman El TokhySara BadawyIhsanullah ShiraniAli DawoodAizhen GuoMashal M. AlmutairiFahdah Ayed AlshammariAbdelfattah SelimMDPI AGarticlebovine leukosisgenomeprevalencepathogenesisclinical outcomesdiagnosisMicrobiologyQR1-502ENViruses, Vol 13, Iss 2167, p 2167 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	bovine leukosis genome prevalence pathogenesis clinical outcomes diagnosis Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	bovine leukosis genome prevalence pathogenesis clinical outcomes diagnosis Microbiology QR1-502 Marawan A. Marawan Abdulaziz Alouffi Suleiman El Tokhy Sara Badawy Ihsanullah Shirani Ali Dawood Aizhen Guo Mashal M. Almutairi Fahdah Ayed Alshammari Abdelfattah Selim Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective
description	Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that is closely related to human T-cell leukaemia virus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2). It causes enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most important neoplastic disease in cattle. Most BLV-infected cattle are asymptomatic, which potentiates extremely high shedding rates of the virus in many cattle populations. Approximately 30% of them show persistent lymphocytosis that has various clinical outcomes; only a small proportion of animals (less than 5%) exhibit signs of EBL. BLV causes major economic losses in the cattle industry, especially in dairy farms. Direct costs are due to a decrease in animal productivity and in cow longevity; indirect costs are caused by restrictions that are placed on the import of animals and animal products from infected areas. Most European regions have implemented an efficient eradication programme, yet BLV prevalence remains high worldwide. Control of the disease is not feasible because there is no effective vaccine against it. Therefore, detection and early diagnosis of the disease are essential in order to diminish its spreading and the economic losses it causes. This review comprises an overview of bovine leukosis, which highlights the epidemiology of the disease, diagnostic tests that are used and effective control strategies.
format	article
author	Marawan A. Marawan Abdulaziz Alouffi Suleiman El Tokhy Sara Badawy Ihsanullah Shirani Ali Dawood Aizhen Guo Mashal M. Almutairi Fahdah Ayed Alshammari Abdelfattah Selim
author_facet	Marawan A. Marawan Abdulaziz Alouffi Suleiman El Tokhy Sara Badawy Ihsanullah Shirani Ali Dawood Aizhen Guo Mashal M. Almutairi Fahdah Ayed Alshammari Abdelfattah Selim
author_sort	Marawan A. Marawan
title	Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective
title_short	Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective
title_full	Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective
title_fullStr	Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective
title_full_unstemmed	Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective
title_sort	bovine leukaemia virus: current epidemiological circumstance and future prospective
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/129ad6e306704d919bee82885f9e73f0
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Bovine Leukaemia Virus: Current Epidemiological Circumstance and Future Prospective

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