Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)

The Perceived Online Racism Scale (PORS) provides important contemporary information in better understanding the experiences of racism in today’s digital society. However, the utility of the 30-item PORS may require lengthy addition to study surveys. Especially for large survey batteries (e.g., epid...

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Autor principal:	Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Ph.D.
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	Online racism Cyber-racism Cyberbullying Online victimization Measure development Brief measure Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95 Psychology BF1-990
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/129c8e1d4a4349509bb4330574f7b407
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:129c8e1d4a4349509bb4330574f7b4072021-12-01T05:03:58ZDevelopment and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)2451-958810.1016/j.chbr.2021.100082https://doaj.org/article/129c8e1d4a4349509bb4330574f7b4072021-01-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451958821000300https://doaj.org/toc/2451-9588The Perceived Online Racism Scale (PORS) provides important contemporary information in better understanding the experiences of racism in today’s digital society. However, the utility of the 30-item PORS may require lengthy addition to study surveys. Especially for large survey batteries (e.g., epidemiological studies), researchers may prefer short measures to avoid participant fatigue that can affect the validity of the responses. Thus, the aim of the current study was to optimize the utility of PORS by developing brief versions that still maintain the psychometric properties. With multi-sample archival data (total N = 947), we developed the 15-item three-factor PORS-SF (short-form) based on factor analytic procedures and the six-item unidimensional PORS-VB (very brief) based on bifactor modeling and tested whether both measures performed as well as the original PORS. With additional data collection (N = 454), we further validated the factor structures and expanded the construct validity of the shortened measures. Across all samples, the PORS-SF and PORS-VB demonstrated good model fit, adequate internal consistency estimates, and showed construct validity evidence similar to the original PORS. Measurement invariance across racial/ethnic groups (Black, Asian, Latinx, Multiracial) and gender (women and men) was also replicated. Overall, results suggest that PORS-SF captures the same three domains of the PORS and PORS-VB captures the same general factor of the PORS with much shorter sets of items. Implications for research and practice are discussed.Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Ph.D.ElsevierarticleOnline racismCyber-racismCyberbullyingOnline victimizationMeasure developmentBrief measureElectronic computers. Computer scienceQA75.5-76.95PsychologyBF1-990ENComputers in Human Behavior Reports, Vol 3, Iss , Pp 100082- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Online racism Cyber-racism Cyberbullying Online victimization Measure development Brief measure Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95 Psychology BF1-990
spellingShingle	Online racism Cyber-racism Cyberbullying Online victimization Measure development Brief measure Electronic computers. Computer science QA75.5-76.95 Psychology BF1-990 Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Ph.D. Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)
description	The Perceived Online Racism Scale (PORS) provides important contemporary information in better understanding the experiences of racism in today’s digital society. However, the utility of the 30-item PORS may require lengthy addition to study surveys. Especially for large survey batteries (e.g., epidemiological studies), researchers may prefer short measures to avoid participant fatigue that can affect the validity of the responses. Thus, the aim of the current study was to optimize the utility of PORS by developing brief versions that still maintain the psychometric properties. With multi-sample archival data (total N = 947), we developed the 15-item three-factor PORS-SF (short-form) based on factor analytic procedures and the six-item unidimensional PORS-VB (very brief) based on bifactor modeling and tested whether both measures performed as well as the original PORS. With additional data collection (N = 454), we further validated the factor structures and expanded the construct validity of the shortened measures. Across all samples, the PORS-SF and PORS-VB demonstrated good model fit, adequate internal consistency estimates, and showed construct validity evidence similar to the original PORS. Measurement invariance across racial/ethnic groups (Black, Asian, Latinx, Multiracial) and gender (women and men) was also replicated. Overall, results suggest that PORS-SF captures the same three domains of the PORS and PORS-VB captures the same general factor of the PORS with much shorter sets of items. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
format	article
author	Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Ph.D.
author_facet	Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Ph.D.
author_sort	Brian TaeHyuk Keum, Ph.D.
title	Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)
title_short	Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)
title_full	Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)
title_fullStr	Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)
title_full_unstemmed	Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)
title_sort	development and validation of the perceived online racism scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/129c8e1d4a4349509bb4330574f7b407
work_keys_str_mv	AT briantaehyukkeumphd developmentandvalidationoftheperceivedonlineracismscaleshortform15itemsandverybriefsixitems
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Development and validation of the Perceived Online Racism Scale short form (15 items) and very brief (six items)

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