Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication

This review concentrates on the state-of-the-art hardware-oriented receiver aspects for optical wireless communication (OWC), and points to the importance of BER performance analysis and modeling in presence of non-perpendicular light incidence. Receivers in OWC networks for 6G applications have to...

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Autores principales:	Hiwa Mahmoudi, Horst Zimmermann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	avalanche photodiode single-photon avalanche diode optical receiver optical wireless communication BER model light incidence angle Electronics TK7800-8360
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/12d019787e6c43f7a9ba914350d1f1fe
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:12d019787e6c43f7a9ba914350d1f1fe2021-11-25T17:24:03ZBit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication10.3390/electronics102227312079-9292https://doaj.org/article/12d019787e6c43f7a9ba914350d1f1fe2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/10/22/2731https://doaj.org/toc/2079-9292This review concentrates on the state-of-the-art hardware-oriented receiver aspects for optical wireless communication (OWC), and points to the importance of BER performance analysis and modeling in presence of non-perpendicular light incidence. Receivers in OWC networks for 6G applications have to work for strongly different light incidence angles, to allow the formation of connections to locally separated transceivers without the need for rotation units and accurate adjustment. In turn, and in combination with fully integrated optical receivers, reduction of cost and increased comfort can be achieved. Fully integrated [bipolar] complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor ([Bi]CMOS) receivers with on-chip avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are presented and their performance in optical wireless communication is summarized. Impressive data rates up to 2 Gbit/s and free-space transmission distances up to 27 m at bit error ratios (BER) below 10<sup>−9</sup> are reached with linear-mode APD receivers. The importance of optical interference in the isolation and passivation stack on top of the integrated photodiodes is illuminated. To be able to predict the dependence of the BER of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) receivers on the light incidence angle, a model, which includes a model for the photon detection probability and a standing-wave model for the isolation and passivation stack, is extended. The dependence of the BER on the light incidence angle onto the photodiodes is investigated by electromagnetic simulation for optical transmission of the layers on top of the photodiode, device simulation for the avalanche triggering probability and BER modeling with MATLAB. It is found that incidence angles up to 30° have moderate influence on the BER and that the BER degrades significantly for incidence angles larger than 50°.Hiwa MahmoudiHorst ZimmermannMDPI AGarticleavalanche photodiodesingle-photon avalanche diodeoptical receiveroptical wireless communicationBER modellight incidence angleElectronicsTK7800-8360ENElectronics, Vol 10, Iss 2731, p 2731 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	avalanche photodiode single-photon avalanche diode optical receiver optical wireless communication BER model light incidence angle Electronics TK7800-8360
spellingShingle	avalanche photodiode single-photon avalanche diode optical receiver optical wireless communication BER model light incidence angle Electronics TK7800-8360 Hiwa Mahmoudi Horst Zimmermann Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication
description	This review concentrates on the state-of-the-art hardware-oriented receiver aspects for optical wireless communication (OWC), and points to the importance of BER performance analysis and modeling in presence of non-perpendicular light incidence. Receivers in OWC networks for 6G applications have to work for strongly different light incidence angles, to allow the formation of connections to locally separated transceivers without the need for rotation units and accurate adjustment. In turn, and in combination with fully integrated optical receivers, reduction of cost and increased comfort can be achieved. Fully integrated [bipolar] complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor ([Bi]CMOS) receivers with on-chip avalanche photodiodes (APDs) and single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are presented and their performance in optical wireless communication is summarized. Impressive data rates up to 2 Gbit/s and free-space transmission distances up to 27 m at bit error ratios (BER) below 10<sup>−9</sup> are reached with linear-mode APD receivers. The importance of optical interference in the isolation and passivation stack on top of the integrated photodiodes is illuminated. To be able to predict the dependence of the BER of single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) receivers on the light incidence angle, a model, which includes a model for the photon detection probability and a standing-wave model for the isolation and passivation stack, is extended. The dependence of the BER on the light incidence angle onto the photodiodes is investigated by electromagnetic simulation for optical transmission of the layers on top of the photodiode, device simulation for the avalanche triggering probability and BER modeling with MATLAB. It is found that incidence angles up to 30° have moderate influence on the BER and that the BER degrades significantly for incidence angles larger than 50°.
format	article
author	Hiwa Mahmoudi Horst Zimmermann
author_facet	Hiwa Mahmoudi Horst Zimmermann
author_sort	Hiwa Mahmoudi
title	Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication
title_short	Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication
title_full	Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication
title_fullStr	Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication
title_full_unstemmed	Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication
title_sort	bit error performance of apd and spad receivers in optical wireless communication
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/12d019787e6c43f7a9ba914350d1f1fe
work_keys_str_mv	AT hiwamahmoudi biterrorperformanceofapdandspadreceiversinopticalwirelesscommunication AT horstzimmermann biterrorperformanceofapdandspadreceiversinopticalwirelesscommunication
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Bit Error Performance of APD and SPAD Receivers in Optical Wireless Communication

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