To be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy.
Since first described, acoels were considered members of the flatworms (Platyhelminthes). However, no clear synapomorphies among the three large flatworm taxa -- the Catenulida, the Acoelomorpha and the Rhabditophora -- have been characterized to date. Molecular phylogenies, on the other hand, commo...
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2009
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oai:doaj.org-article:132d04f6ca084fd29251c1358660a3ce2021-11-25T06:22:45ZTo be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0005502https://doaj.org/article/132d04f6ca084fd29251c1358660a3ce2009-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/19430533/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Since first described, acoels were considered members of the flatworms (Platyhelminthes). However, no clear synapomorphies among the three large flatworm taxa -- the Catenulida, the Acoelomorpha and the Rhabditophora -- have been characterized to date. Molecular phylogenies, on the other hand, commonly positioned acoels separate from other flatworms. Accordingly, our own multi-locus phylogenetic analysis using 43 genes and 23 animal species places the acoel flatworm Isodiametra pulchra at the base of all Bilateria, distant from other flatworms. By contrast, novel data on the distribution and proliferation of stem cells and the specific mode of epidermal replacement constitute a strong synapomorphy for the Acoela plus the major group of flatworms, the Rhabditophora. The expression of a piwi-like gene not only in gonadal, but also in adult somatic stem cells is another unique feature among bilaterians. These two independent stem-cell-related characters put the Acoela into the Platyhelminthes-Lophotrochozoa clade and account for the most parsimonious evolutionary explanation of epidermal cell renewal in the Bilateria. Most available multigene analyses produce conflicting results regarding the position of the acoels in the tree of life. Given these phylogenomic conflicts and the contradiction of developmental and morphological data with phylogenomic results, the monophyly of the phylum Platyhelminthes and the position of the Acoela remain unresolved. By these data, both the inclusion of Acoela within Platyhelminthes, and their separation from flatworms as basal bilaterians are well-supported alternatives.Bernhard EggerDirk SteinkeHiroshi TaruiKatrien De MulderDetlev ArendtGaëtan BorgonieNoriko FunayamaRobert GschwentnerVolker HartensteinBert HobmayerMatthew HoogeMartina HroudaSachiko IshidaChiyoko KobayashiGeorg KualesOsamu NishimuraDaniela PfisterReinhard RiegerWilli SalvenmoserJulian SmithUlrich TechnauSeth TylerKiyokazu AgataWalter SalzburgerPeter LadurnerPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 4, Iss 5, p e5502 (2009) |
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| topic |
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| spellingShingle |
Medicine R Science Q Bernhard Egger Dirk Steinke Hiroshi Tarui Katrien De Mulder Detlev Arendt Gaëtan Borgonie Noriko Funayama Robert Gschwentner Volker Hartenstein Bert Hobmayer Matthew Hooge Martina Hrouda Sachiko Ishida Chiyoko Kobayashi Georg Kuales Osamu Nishimura Daniela Pfister Reinhard Rieger Willi Salvenmoser Julian Smith Ulrich Technau Seth Tyler Kiyokazu Agata Walter Salzburger Peter Ladurner To be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy. |
| description |
Since first described, acoels were considered members of the flatworms (Platyhelminthes). However, no clear synapomorphies among the three large flatworm taxa -- the Catenulida, the Acoelomorpha and the Rhabditophora -- have been characterized to date. Molecular phylogenies, on the other hand, commonly positioned acoels separate from other flatworms. Accordingly, our own multi-locus phylogenetic analysis using 43 genes and 23 animal species places the acoel flatworm Isodiametra pulchra at the base of all Bilateria, distant from other flatworms. By contrast, novel data on the distribution and proliferation of stem cells and the specific mode of epidermal replacement constitute a strong synapomorphy for the Acoela plus the major group of flatworms, the Rhabditophora. The expression of a piwi-like gene not only in gonadal, but also in adult somatic stem cells is another unique feature among bilaterians. These two independent stem-cell-related characters put the Acoela into the Platyhelminthes-Lophotrochozoa clade and account for the most parsimonious evolutionary explanation of epidermal cell renewal in the Bilateria. Most available multigene analyses produce conflicting results regarding the position of the acoels in the tree of life. Given these phylogenomic conflicts and the contradiction of developmental and morphological data with phylogenomic results, the monophyly of the phylum Platyhelminthes and the position of the Acoela remain unresolved. By these data, both the inclusion of Acoela within Platyhelminthes, and their separation from flatworms as basal bilaterians are well-supported alternatives. |
| format |
article |
| author |
Bernhard Egger Dirk Steinke Hiroshi Tarui Katrien De Mulder Detlev Arendt Gaëtan Borgonie Noriko Funayama Robert Gschwentner Volker Hartenstein Bert Hobmayer Matthew Hooge Martina Hrouda Sachiko Ishida Chiyoko Kobayashi Georg Kuales Osamu Nishimura Daniela Pfister Reinhard Rieger Willi Salvenmoser Julian Smith Ulrich Technau Seth Tyler Kiyokazu Agata Walter Salzburger Peter Ladurner |
| author_facet |
Bernhard Egger Dirk Steinke Hiroshi Tarui Katrien De Mulder Detlev Arendt Gaëtan Borgonie Noriko Funayama Robert Gschwentner Volker Hartenstein Bert Hobmayer Matthew Hooge Martina Hrouda Sachiko Ishida Chiyoko Kobayashi Georg Kuales Osamu Nishimura Daniela Pfister Reinhard Rieger Willi Salvenmoser Julian Smith Ulrich Technau Seth Tyler Kiyokazu Agata Walter Salzburger Peter Ladurner |
| author_sort |
Bernhard Egger |
| title |
To be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy. |
| title_short |
To be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy. |
| title_full |
To be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy. |
| title_fullStr |
To be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy. |
| title_full_unstemmed |
To be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy. |
| title_sort |
to be or not to be a flatworm: the acoel controversy. |
| publisher |
Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| publishDate |
2009 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/132d04f6ca084fd29251c1358660a3ce |
| work_keys_str_mv |
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| _version_ |
1718413787010170880 |