Effects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota

Sustained growth of world-wide sea farming and the search of optimal growing conditions have driven several countries, including Norway, to establish new finfish sites in more exposed, high current locations. Characterized by a range of gravel, broken rock and/or bedrock, these complex environments...

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Autores principales:	Olivier Laroche, Sonnich Meier, Svein A. Mjøs, Nigel Keeley
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Elsevier 2021
Materias:	(6 max): Transcriptomics Gene expression Functional profiling Metabarcoding 16S rRNA Fatty acids Ecology QH540-549.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/13591aa201134d338c1c8094559ed000
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:13591aa201134d338c1c8094559ed0002021-12-01T04:54:56ZEffects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota1470-160X10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107879https://doaj.org/article/13591aa201134d338c1c8094559ed0002021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X21005446https://doaj.org/toc/1470-160XSustained growth of world-wide sea farming and the search of optimal growing conditions have driven several countries, including Norway, to establish new finfish sites in more exposed, high current locations. Characterized by a range of gravel, broken rock and/or bedrock, these complex environments and the associated diverse range of epifauna species are not easily monitored via traditional methodologies (e.g. morpho-taxonomic identification and enumeration, and compound analyses of sediment grabs). Consequently, little is known about many of the benthic inhabitants, or how they may respond to fish farming. In this study, we aimed to initiate addressing this knowledge gap by assessing the response of the sponge Weberella bursa (Polymastidea) to salmon aquaculture. Fourteen specimens were translocated along a distance gradient from a salmon farm located along the mid-west coast of Norway. Following 7 months of exposure, their epithelial tissue were analysed for gene expression analysis (mRNA), fatty acid (FA), stable isotope and taxonomic and functional microbiome characterization. Among all datasets, only fatty acid profiles showed significant changes associated with fish farm activities, with higher proportion of terrestrial FAs and long saturated and monounsaturated FAs near the farm. These results suggest that W. bursa sponges may be more resistant to organic enrichment than previously thought. Nonetheless, several putative indicators of non-lethal response could be identified. Specifically, W. bursa specimens located underneath the farm tended to have reduced ribosomal activity while having increased expression of genes controlling cell apoptosis (e.g. caspase-3, cytochrome c oxidase and death domain proteins). Based on predictive functional analysis, specimens near to the farm were also found to be particularly enriched in sulfur and nitrogen cycling bacteria, and in microbial taxa with anti-toxin and xenobiotic biodegradation capability, notably of benzyl benzoate compounds used in sea lice treatments. These results indicate that potentially harmful elements such as sulfite, nitrite and pesticides may be neutralized and degraded by a particularly enriched set of bacteria in W. bursa microbiome. While additional research is needed to validate these putative indicators, our study provides a first glimpse as to how sessile organisms may respond and adapt to environmental changes induced by fin fish farming, and pave the way to the development of novel monitoring tools adapted to mix and hard bottom habitats.Olivier LarocheSonnich MeierSvein A. MjøsNigel KeeleyElsevierarticle(6 max): TranscriptomicsGene expressionFunctional profilingMetabarcoding16S rRNAFatty acidsEcologyQH540-549.5ENEcological Indicators, Vol 129, Iss , Pp 107879- (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	(6 max): Transcriptomics Gene expression Functional profiling Metabarcoding 16S rRNA Fatty acids Ecology QH540-549.5
spellingShingle	(6 max): Transcriptomics Gene expression Functional profiling Metabarcoding 16S rRNA Fatty acids Ecology QH540-549.5 Olivier Laroche Sonnich Meier Svein A. Mjøs Nigel Keeley Effects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota
description	Sustained growth of world-wide sea farming and the search of optimal growing conditions have driven several countries, including Norway, to establish new finfish sites in more exposed, high current locations. Characterized by a range of gravel, broken rock and/or bedrock, these complex environments and the associated diverse range of epifauna species are not easily monitored via traditional methodologies (e.g. morpho-taxonomic identification and enumeration, and compound analyses of sediment grabs). Consequently, little is known about many of the benthic inhabitants, or how they may respond to fish farming. In this study, we aimed to initiate addressing this knowledge gap by assessing the response of the sponge Weberella bursa (Polymastidea) to salmon aquaculture. Fourteen specimens were translocated along a distance gradient from a salmon farm located along the mid-west coast of Norway. Following 7 months of exposure, their epithelial tissue were analysed for gene expression analysis (mRNA), fatty acid (FA), stable isotope and taxonomic and functional microbiome characterization. Among all datasets, only fatty acid profiles showed significant changes associated with fish farm activities, with higher proportion of terrestrial FAs and long saturated and monounsaturated FAs near the farm. These results suggest that W. bursa sponges may be more resistant to organic enrichment than previously thought. Nonetheless, several putative indicators of non-lethal response could be identified. Specifically, W. bursa specimens located underneath the farm tended to have reduced ribosomal activity while having increased expression of genes controlling cell apoptosis (e.g. caspase-3, cytochrome c oxidase and death domain proteins). Based on predictive functional analysis, specimens near to the farm were also found to be particularly enriched in sulfur and nitrogen cycling bacteria, and in microbial taxa with anti-toxin and xenobiotic biodegradation capability, notably of benzyl benzoate compounds used in sea lice treatments. These results indicate that potentially harmful elements such as sulfite, nitrite and pesticides may be neutralized and degraded by a particularly enriched set of bacteria in W. bursa microbiome. While additional research is needed to validate these putative indicators, our study provides a first glimpse as to how sessile organisms may respond and adapt to environmental changes induced by fin fish farming, and pave the way to the development of novel monitoring tools adapted to mix and hard bottom habitats.
format	article
author	Olivier Laroche Sonnich Meier Svein A. Mjøs Nigel Keeley
author_facet	Olivier Laroche Sonnich Meier Svein A. Mjøs Nigel Keeley
author_sort	Olivier Laroche
title	Effects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota
title_short	Effects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota
title_full	Effects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota
title_fullStr	Effects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota
title_sort	effects of fish farm activities on the sponge weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota
publisher	Elsevier
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/13591aa201134d338c1c8094559ed000
work_keys_str_mv	AT olivierlaroche effectsoffishfarmactivitiesonthespongeweberellabursaanditsassociatedmicrobiota AT sonnichmeier effectsoffishfarmactivitiesonthespongeweberellabursaanditsassociatedmicrobiota AT sveinamjøs effectsoffishfarmactivitiesonthespongeweberellabursaanditsassociatedmicrobiota AT nigelkeeley effectsoffishfarmactivitiesonthespongeweberellabursaanditsassociatedmicrobiota
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Effects of fish farm activities on the sponge Weberella bursa, and its associated microbiota

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