Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.

Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) form in mammals a family of four postsynaptic adhesion proteins, which have been shown to bind neurexins and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican on the presynaptic side. Mutations in the genes encoding LRRTMs and neurexins are im...

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Autores principales:	Pavel Uvarov, Tommi Kajander, Matti S Airaksinen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2014
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/135a537a56984ac7bd7bfebc8f8f5a33
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:135a537a56984ac7bd7bfebc8f8f5a332021-11-18T08:31:14ZOrigin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.1932-620310.1371/journal.pone.0089910https://doaj.org/article/135a537a56984ac7bd7bfebc8f8f5a332014-01-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmid/24587117/pdf/?tool=EBIhttps://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) form in mammals a family of four postsynaptic adhesion proteins, which have been shown to bind neurexins and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican on the presynaptic side. Mutations in the genes encoding LRRTMs and neurexins are implicated in human cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Our analysis shows that in most jawed vertebrates, lrrtm1, lrrtm2, and lrrtm3 genes are nested on opposite strands of large conserved intron of α-catenin genes ctnna2, ctnna1, and ctnna3, respectively. No lrrtm genes could be found in tunicates or lancelets, while two lrrtm genes are found in the lamprey genome, one of which is adjacent to a single ctnna homolog. Based on similar highly positive net charge of lamprey LRRTMs and the HSPG-binding LRRTM3 and LRRTM4 proteins, we speculate that the ancestral LRRTM might have bound HSPG before acquiring neurexins as binding partners. Our model suggests that lrrtm gene translocated into the large ctnna intron in early vertebrates, and that subsequent duplications resulted in three lrrtm/ctnna gene pairs present in most jawed vertebrates. However, we detected three prominent exceptions: (1) the lrrtm3/ctnna3 gene structure is absent in the ray-finned fish genomes, (2) the genomes of clawed frogs contain ctnna1 but lack the corresponding nested (lrrtm2) gene, and (3) contain lrrtm3 gene in the syntenic position but lack the corresponding host (ctnna3) gene. We identified several other protein-coding nested gene structures of which either the host or the nested gene has presumably been lost in the frog or chicken lineages. Interestingly, majority of these nested genes comprise LRR domains.Pavel UvarovTommi KajanderMatti S AiraksinenPublic Library of Science (PLoS)articleMedicineRScienceQENPLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 2, p e89910 (2014)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Pavel Uvarov Tommi Kajander Matti S Airaksinen Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.
description	Leucine-rich repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) form in mammals a family of four postsynaptic adhesion proteins, which have been shown to bind neurexins and heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) glypican on the presynaptic side. Mutations in the genes encoding LRRTMs and neurexins are implicated in human cognitive disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Our analysis shows that in most jawed vertebrates, lrrtm1, lrrtm2, and lrrtm3 genes are nested on opposite strands of large conserved intron of α-catenin genes ctnna2, ctnna1, and ctnna3, respectively. No lrrtm genes could be found in tunicates or lancelets, while two lrrtm genes are found in the lamprey genome, one of which is adjacent to a single ctnna homolog. Based on similar highly positive net charge of lamprey LRRTMs and the HSPG-binding LRRTM3 and LRRTM4 proteins, we speculate that the ancestral LRRTM might have bound HSPG before acquiring neurexins as binding partners. Our model suggests that lrrtm gene translocated into the large ctnna intron in early vertebrates, and that subsequent duplications resulted in three lrrtm/ctnna gene pairs present in most jawed vertebrates. However, we detected three prominent exceptions: (1) the lrrtm3/ctnna3 gene structure is absent in the ray-finned fish genomes, (2) the genomes of clawed frogs contain ctnna1 but lack the corresponding nested (lrrtm2) gene, and (3) contain lrrtm3 gene in the syntenic position but lack the corresponding host (ctnna3) gene. We identified several other protein-coding nested gene structures of which either the host or the nested gene has presumably been lost in the frog or chicken lineages. Interestingly, majority of these nested genes comprise LRR domains.
format	article
author	Pavel Uvarov Tommi Kajander Matti S Airaksinen
author_facet	Pavel Uvarov Tommi Kajander Matti S Airaksinen
author_sort	Pavel Uvarov
title	Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.
title_short	Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.
title_full	Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.
title_fullStr	Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.
title_full_unstemmed	Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.
title_sort	origin and loss of nested lrrtm/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.
publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
publishDate	2014
url	https://doaj.org/article/135a537a56984ac7bd7bfebc8f8f5a33
work_keys_str_mv	AT paveluvarov originandlossofnestedlrrtmacateningenesduringvertebrateevolution AT tommikajander originandlossofnestedlrrtmacateningenesduringvertebrateevolution AT mattisairaksinen originandlossofnestedlrrtmacateningenesduringvertebrateevolution
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Origin and loss of nested LRRTM/α-catenin genes during vertebrate evolution.

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