Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children

Christos Theophanous,1 Bobeck S Modjtahedi,2,3 Michael Batech,4 David S Marlin,1 Tiffany Q Luong,4 Donald S Fong2–4 1Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Pa...

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Autores principales:	Theophanous C, Modjtahedi BS, Batech M, Marlin DS, Luong TQ, Fong DS
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2018
Materias:	Children epidemiology exercise refractive error myopia pediatrics prevalence public health Ophthalmology RE1-994
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/151e907442374fdfa5f7fc20742dbb71
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:151e907442374fdfa5f7fc20742dbb712021-12-02T03:49:28ZMyopia prevalence and risk factors in children1177-5483https://doaj.org/article/151e907442374fdfa5f7fc20742dbb712018-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/myopia-prevalence-and-risk-factors-in-children-peer-reviewed-article-OPTHhttps://doaj.org/toc/1177-5483Christos Theophanous,1 Bobeck S Modjtahedi,2,3 Michael Batech,4 David S Marlin,1 Tiffany Q Luong,4 Donald S Fong2–4 1Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Park, CA, USA; 3Eye Monitoring Center, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Baldwin Park, CA, USA; 4Department of Research and Evaluation, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for pediatric myopia in a contemporary American cohort. Methods: A cross-sectional study of pediatric patients enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California health plan was done. Eligible patients were 5- to 19-years old between January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2013, and received an ophthalmologic or optometric refraction. Electronic medical records were reviewed for demographic data, refraction results, and exercise data. Prevalence and relative risks of myopia (defined as ≤-1.0 diopter) were characterized. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, median neighborhood income, and minutes of exercise per day were examined as risk factors. Results: There were 60,789 patients who met the inclusion criteria, of which 41.9% had myopia. Myopia was more common in older children (14.8% in 5- to 7-year olds, 59.0% in 17- to 19-year olds). Asian/Pacific Islander patients (OR 1.64, CI 1.58–1.70) had an increased rate of myopia compared to White patients as did African Americans to a lesser extent (OR 1.08, CI 1.03–1.13). Median neighborhood household income of $25,000–40,000 was associated with lower rates of myopia (OR 0.90, CI 0.83–0.97) compared to median neighborhood household incomes less than $25,000. Having at least 60 min of daily exercise was associated with lower prevalence of myopia (OR 0.87, CI 0.85–0.89). Discussion: Myopia was common in this large and diverse Southern Californian pediatric cohort. The prevalence of myopia increases with age. Asian children are at highest risk for myopia. Exercise is associated with a lower rate of myopia and represents an important potentially modifiable risk factor that may be a target for future public health efforts. Keywords: children, epidemiology, exercise, refractive error, myopia, pediatrics, prevalence, public healthTheophanous CModjtahedi BSBatech MMarlin DSLuong TQFong DSDove Medical PressarticleChildrenepidemiologyexerciserefractive errormyopiapediatricsprevalencepublic healthOphthalmologyRE1-994ENClinical Ophthalmology, Vol Volume 12, Pp 1581-1587 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Children epidemiology exercise refractive error myopia pediatrics prevalence public health Ophthalmology RE1-994
spellingShingle	Children epidemiology exercise refractive error myopia pediatrics prevalence public health Ophthalmology RE1-994 Theophanous C Modjtahedi BS Batech M Marlin DS Luong TQ Fong DS Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children
description	Christos Theophanous,1 Bobeck S Modjtahedi,2,3 Michael Batech,4 David S Marlin,1 Tiffany Q Luong,4 Donald S Fong2–4 1Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA, USA; 2Department of Ophthalmology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Baldwin Park, CA, USA; 3Eye Monitoring Center, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Baldwin Park, CA, USA; 4Department of Research and Evaluation, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, CA, USA Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors for pediatric myopia in a contemporary American cohort. Methods: A cross-sectional study of pediatric patients enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California health plan was done. Eligible patients were 5- to 19-years old between January 1, 2008, through December 31, 2013, and received an ophthalmologic or optometric refraction. Electronic medical records were reviewed for demographic data, refraction results, and exercise data. Prevalence and relative risks of myopia (defined as ≤-1.0 diopter) were characterized. Age, sex, race/ethnicity, median neighborhood income, and minutes of exercise per day were examined as risk factors. Results: There were 60,789 patients who met the inclusion criteria, of which 41.9% had myopia. Myopia was more common in older children (14.8% in 5- to 7-year olds, 59.0% in 17- to 19-year olds). Asian/Pacific Islander patients (OR 1.64, CI 1.58–1.70) had an increased rate of myopia compared to White patients as did African Americans to a lesser extent (OR 1.08, CI 1.03–1.13). Median neighborhood household income of $25,000–40,000 was associated with lower rates of myopia (OR 0.90, CI 0.83–0.97) compared to median neighborhood household incomes less than $25,000. Having at least 60 min of daily exercise was associated with lower prevalence of myopia (OR 0.87, CI 0.85–0.89). Discussion: Myopia was common in this large and diverse Southern Californian pediatric cohort. The prevalence of myopia increases with age. Asian children are at highest risk for myopia. Exercise is associated with a lower rate of myopia and represents an important potentially modifiable risk factor that may be a target for future public health efforts. Keywords: children, epidemiology, exercise, refractive error, myopia, pediatrics, prevalence, public health
format	article
author	Theophanous C Modjtahedi BS Batech M Marlin DS Luong TQ Fong DS
author_facet	Theophanous C Modjtahedi BS Batech M Marlin DS Luong TQ Fong DS
author_sort	Theophanous C
title	Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children
title_short	Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children
title_full	Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children
title_fullStr	Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children
title_full_unstemmed	Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children
title_sort	myopia prevalence and risk factors in children
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/151e907442374fdfa5f7fc20742dbb71
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Myopia prevalence and risk factors in children

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