Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating

Abstract Background Because carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched water causes cutaneous vasodilation, immersion in CO2-enriched water facilitates heat transfer from the body to the water or from the water to the body. Consequently, immersion in CO2-enriched water raises or reduces body temperature faster t...

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Autor principal:	Keiji Hayashi
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	BMC 2021
Materias:	CO2-enriched water Body temperature Cutaneous vasodilation Cooling water immersion Physical anthropology. Somatology GN49-298
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/158b1cc7d55c48959300bb977dace67c
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:158b1cc7d55c48959300bb977dace67c2021-11-21T12:03:49ZComparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating10.1186/s40101-021-00271-z1880-6805https://doaj.org/article/158b1cc7d55c48959300bb977dace67c2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-021-00271-zhttps://doaj.org/toc/1880-6805Abstract Background Because carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched water causes cutaneous vasodilation, immersion in CO2-enriched water facilitates heat transfer from the body to the water or from the water to the body. Consequently, immersion in CO2-enriched water raises or reduces body temperature faster than immersion in fresh water. However, it takes time to dissolve CO2 in tap water and because the dissolved CO2 concentration decreases over time, the actual CO2 concentration is likely lower than the stated target concentration. However, it is unclear whether water containing a lower CO2 concentration would also cool the body faster than fresh water after body temperature had been increased. Methods Ten healthy males (mean age = 20 ± 1 years) participated in the study. Participants were first immersed for 15 min in a tap water bath at 40 °C to raise body temperature. They then moved to a tap water or CO2-enriched water bath at 30 °C to reduce body temperature. The CO2 concentration was set at 500 ppm. The present study measured cooling time and cooling rate (slope of the regression line relating auditory canal temperature (T ac) to cooling time) to assess the cooling effect of CO2-enriched water immersion. Results Immersion in 40 °C tap water caused T ac to rise 0.64 ± 0.25 °C in the tap water session and 0.62 ± 0.27 °C in the CO2-enriched water session (P > 0.05). During the 30 °C water immersion, T ac declined to the baseline within 13 ± 6 min in tap water and 10 ± 6 min in CO2-enriched water (P > 0.05). Cooling rates were 0.08 ± 0.06 °C/min in tap water and 0.08 ± 0.04 °C/min in CO2-enriched water (P > 0.05). Conclusions CO2-enriched water containing 500 ppm CO2 did not cool faster than tap water immersion. This suggests that when the water temperature is 30 °C, a CO2 concentration of 500 ppm is insufficient to obtain the advantageous cooling effect during water immersion after body temperature has been increased.Keiji HayashiBMCarticleCO2-enriched waterBody temperatureCutaneous vasodilationCoolingwater immersionPhysical anthropology. SomatologyGN49-298ENJournal of Physiological Anthropology, Vol 40, Iss 1, Pp 1-6 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	CO2-enriched water Body temperature Cutaneous vasodilation Cooling water immersion Physical anthropology. Somatology GN49-298
spellingShingle	CO2-enriched water Body temperature Cutaneous vasodilation Cooling water immersion Physical anthropology. Somatology GN49-298 Keiji Hayashi Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating
description	Abstract Background Because carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched water causes cutaneous vasodilation, immersion in CO2-enriched water facilitates heat transfer from the body to the water or from the water to the body. Consequently, immersion in CO2-enriched water raises or reduces body temperature faster than immersion in fresh water. However, it takes time to dissolve CO2 in tap water and because the dissolved CO2 concentration decreases over time, the actual CO2 concentration is likely lower than the stated target concentration. However, it is unclear whether water containing a lower CO2 concentration would also cool the body faster than fresh water after body temperature had been increased. Methods Ten healthy males (mean age = 20 ± 1 years) participated in the study. Participants were first immersed for 15 min in a tap water bath at 40 °C to raise body temperature. They then moved to a tap water or CO2-enriched water bath at 30 °C to reduce body temperature. The CO2 concentration was set at 500 ppm. The present study measured cooling time and cooling rate (slope of the regression line relating auditory canal temperature (T ac) to cooling time) to assess the cooling effect of CO2-enriched water immersion. Results Immersion in 40 °C tap water caused T ac to rise 0.64 ± 0.25 °C in the tap water session and 0.62 ± 0.27 °C in the CO2-enriched water session (P > 0.05). During the 30 °C water immersion, T ac declined to the baseline within 13 ± 6 min in tap water and 10 ± 6 min in CO2-enriched water (P > 0.05). Cooling rates were 0.08 ± 0.06 °C/min in tap water and 0.08 ± 0.04 °C/min in CO2-enriched water (P > 0.05). Conclusions CO2-enriched water containing 500 ppm CO2 did not cool faster than tap water immersion. This suggests that when the water temperature is 30 °C, a CO2 concentration of 500 ppm is insufficient to obtain the advantageous cooling effect during water immersion after body temperature has been increased.
format	article
author	Keiji Hayashi
author_facet	Keiji Hayashi
author_sort	Keiji Hayashi
title	Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating
title_short	Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating
title_full	Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating
title_fullStr	Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating
title_full_unstemmed	Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating
title_sort	comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating
publisher	BMC
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/158b1cc7d55c48959300bb977dace67c
work_keys_str_mv	AT keijihayashi comparisonoflowconcentrationcarbondioxideenrichedandtapwaterimmersiononbodytemperatureafterpassiveheating
_version_	1718419228581691392

Comparison of low-concentration carbon dioxide-enriched and tap water immersion on body temperature after passive heating

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