CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season

In August 2019, a 4-km thick wildfire smoke layer was observed in the lower stratosphere over Leipzig, Germany, with a ground-based multiwavelength Raman lidar. The smoke was identified by the smoke-specific spectral dependence of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) measured with the R...

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Autores principales:	Albert Ansmann, Kevin Ohneiser, Alexandra Chudnovsky, Holger Baars, Ronny Engelmann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	Raman lidar stratospheric aerosol aerosol typing lidar ratio wildfire smoke volcanic sulfate aerosol Environmental sciences GE1-350
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/15aeb2733d514831b9cf4bb57db311db
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:15aeb2733d514831b9cf4bb57db311db
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:15aeb2733d514831b9cf4bb57db311db2021-11-19T10:47:21ZCALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season2296-665X10.3389/fenvs.2021.769852https://doaj.org/article/15aeb2733d514831b9cf4bb57db311db2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2021.769852/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-665XIn August 2019, a 4-km thick wildfire smoke layer was observed in the lower stratosphere over Leipzig, Germany, with a ground-based multiwavelength Raman lidar. The smoke was identified by the smoke-specific spectral dependence of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) measured with the Raman lidar. The spaceborne CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) lidar CALIOP (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) detected the smoke and classified it as sulfate aerosol layer (originating from the Raikoke volcanic eruption). In this article, we discuss the reason for this misclassification. Two major sources for stratospheric air pollution were active in the summer of 2019 and complicated the CALIPSO aerosol typing effort. Besides intense forest fires at mid and high northern latitudes, the Raikoke volcano erupted in the Kuril Islands. We present two cases observed at Leipzig, one from July 2019 and one from August 2019. In July, pure volcanic sulfate aerosol layers were found in the lower stratosphere, while in August, wildfire smoke dominated in the height range up to 4–5 km above the local tropopause. In both cases, the CALIPSO aerosol typing scheme classified the layers as sulfate aerosol layers. The aerosol identification algorithm assumes non-spherical smoke particles in the stratosphere as consequence of fast lifting by pyrocumulonimbus convection. However, we hypothesize (based on presented simulations) that the smoke ascended as a results of self-lifting and reached the tropopause within 2–7 days after emission and finally entered the lower stratosphere as aged spherical smoke particles. These sphercial particles were then classified as liquid sulfate particles by the CALIPSO data analysis scheme. We also present a successful case of smoke identification by the CALIPSO retrieval method.Albert AnsmannKevin OhneiserAlexandra ChudnovskyHolger BaarsRonny EngelmannFrontiers Media S.A.articleRaman lidarstratospheric aerosolaerosol typinglidar ratiowildfire smokevolcanic sulfate aerosolEnvironmental sciencesGE1-350ENFrontiers in Environmental Science, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Raman lidar stratospheric aerosol aerosol typing lidar ratio wildfire smoke volcanic sulfate aerosol Environmental sciences GE1-350
spellingShingle	Raman lidar stratospheric aerosol aerosol typing lidar ratio wildfire smoke volcanic sulfate aerosol Environmental sciences GE1-350 Albert Ansmann Kevin Ohneiser Alexandra Chudnovsky Holger Baars Ronny Engelmann CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season
description	In August 2019, a 4-km thick wildfire smoke layer was observed in the lower stratosphere over Leipzig, Germany, with a ground-based multiwavelength Raman lidar. The smoke was identified by the smoke-specific spectral dependence of the extinction-to-backscatter ratio (lidar ratio) measured with the Raman lidar. The spaceborne CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) lidar CALIOP (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) detected the smoke and classified it as sulfate aerosol layer (originating from the Raikoke volcanic eruption). In this article, we discuss the reason for this misclassification. Two major sources for stratospheric air pollution were active in the summer of 2019 and complicated the CALIPSO aerosol typing effort. Besides intense forest fires at mid and high northern latitudes, the Raikoke volcano erupted in the Kuril Islands. We present two cases observed at Leipzig, one from July 2019 and one from August 2019. In July, pure volcanic sulfate aerosol layers were found in the lower stratosphere, while in August, wildfire smoke dominated in the height range up to 4–5 km above the local tropopause. In both cases, the CALIPSO aerosol typing scheme classified the layers as sulfate aerosol layers. The aerosol identification algorithm assumes non-spherical smoke particles in the stratosphere as consequence of fast lifting by pyrocumulonimbus convection. However, we hypothesize (based on presented simulations) that the smoke ascended as a results of self-lifting and reached the tropopause within 2–7 days after emission and finally entered the lower stratosphere as aged spherical smoke particles. These sphercial particles were then classified as liquid sulfate particles by the CALIPSO data analysis scheme. We also present a successful case of smoke identification by the CALIPSO retrieval method.
format	article
author	Albert Ansmann Kevin Ohneiser Alexandra Chudnovsky Holger Baars Ronny Engelmann
author_facet	Albert Ansmann Kevin Ohneiser Alexandra Chudnovsky Holger Baars Ronny Engelmann
author_sort	Albert Ansmann
title	CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season
title_short	CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season
title_full	CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season
title_fullStr	CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season
title_full_unstemmed	CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season
title_sort	calipso aerosol-typing scheme misclassified stratospheric fire smoke: case study from the 2019 siberian wildfire season
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/15aeb2733d514831b9cf4bb57db311db
work_keys_str_mv	AT albertansmann calipsoaerosoltypingschememisclassifiedstratosphericfiresmokecasestudyfromthe2019siberianwildfireseason AT kevinohneiser calipsoaerosoltypingschememisclassifiedstratosphericfiresmokecasestudyfromthe2019siberianwildfireseason AT alexandrachudnovsky calipsoaerosoltypingschememisclassifiedstratosphericfiresmokecasestudyfromthe2019siberianwildfireseason AT holgerbaars calipsoaerosoltypingschememisclassifiedstratosphericfiresmokecasestudyfromthe2019siberianwildfireseason AT ronnyengelmann calipsoaerosoltypingschememisclassifiedstratosphericfiresmokecasestudyfromthe2019siberianwildfireseason
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CALIPSO Aerosol-Typing Scheme Misclassified Stratospheric Fire Smoke: Case Study From the 2019 Siberian Wildfire Season

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