Doughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis

Aside from the industry-standard Gaussian intensity profile, top hat and non-conventional laser beam shapes, such as doughnut-shaped profile, are ever more required. The top hat laser beam profile is well-known for uniformly irradiating the target material, significantly reducing the heat-affected z...

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Autores principales:	Miguel Catela, Dawei Liang, Cláudia R. Vistas, Dário Garcia, Bruno D. Tibúrcio, Hugo Costa, Joana Almeida
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	solar laser solar pumping twisted light guide Nd:YAG top hat doughnut-shaped Technology T
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/16857f88a4d244958e7b8ca0419d28dd
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:16857f88a4d244958e7b8ca0419d28dd2021-11-11T15:54:05ZDoughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis10.3390/en142171021996-1073https://doaj.org/article/16857f88a4d244958e7b8ca0419d28dd2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/14/21/7102https://doaj.org/toc/1996-1073Aside from the industry-standard Gaussian intensity profile, top hat and non-conventional laser beam shapes, such as doughnut-shaped profile, are ever more required. The top hat laser beam profile is well-known for uniformly irradiating the target material, significantly reducing the heat-affected zones, typical of Gaussian laser irradiation, whereas the doughnut-shaped laser beam has attracted much interest for its use in trapping particles at the nanoscale and improving mechanical performance during laser-based 3D metal printing. Solar-pumped lasers can be a cost-effective and more sustainable alternative to accomplish these useful laser beam distributions. The sunlight was collected and concentrated by six primary Fresnel lenses, six folding mirror collectors, further compressed with six secondary fused silica concentrators, and symmetrically distributed by six twisted light guides around a 5.5 mm diameter, 35 mm length Nd:YAG rod inside a cylindrical cavity. A top hat laser beam profile (M<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.25, M<sub>y</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.00) was computed through both ZEMAX<sup>®</sup> and LASCAD<sup>®</sup> analysis, with 9.4 W/m<sup>2</sup> TEM<sub>00</sub> mode laser power collection and 0.99% solar-to-TEM<sub>00</sub> mode power conversion efficiencies. By using a 5.8 mm laser rod diameter, a doughnut-shaped solar laser beam profile (M<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.90, M<sub>y</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.00) was observed. The 9.8 W/m<sup>2</sup> TEM<sub>00</sub> mode laser power collection and 1.03% solar-to-TEM<sub>00</sub> mode power conversion efficiencies were also attained, corresponding to an increase of 2.2 and 1.9 times, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art experimental records. As far as we know, the first numerical simulation of doughnut-shaped and top hat solar laser beam profiles is reported here, significantly contributing to the understanding of the formation of such beam profiles.Miguel CatelaDawei LiangCláudia R. VistasDário GarciaBruno D. TibúrcioHugo CostaJoana AlmeidaMDPI AGarticlesolar lasersolar pumpingtwisted light guideNd:YAGtop hatdoughnut-shapedTechnologyTENEnergies, Vol 14, Iss 7102, p 7102 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	solar laser solar pumping twisted light guide Nd:YAG top hat doughnut-shaped Technology T
spellingShingle	solar laser solar pumping twisted light guide Nd:YAG top hat doughnut-shaped Technology T Miguel Catela Dawei Liang Cláudia R. Vistas Dário Garcia Bruno D. Tibúrcio Hugo Costa Joana Almeida Doughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis
description	Aside from the industry-standard Gaussian intensity profile, top hat and non-conventional laser beam shapes, such as doughnut-shaped profile, are ever more required. The top hat laser beam profile is well-known for uniformly irradiating the target material, significantly reducing the heat-affected zones, typical of Gaussian laser irradiation, whereas the doughnut-shaped laser beam has attracted much interest for its use in trapping particles at the nanoscale and improving mechanical performance during laser-based 3D metal printing. Solar-pumped lasers can be a cost-effective and more sustainable alternative to accomplish these useful laser beam distributions. The sunlight was collected and concentrated by six primary Fresnel lenses, six folding mirror collectors, further compressed with six secondary fused silica concentrators, and symmetrically distributed by six twisted light guides around a 5.5 mm diameter, 35 mm length Nd:YAG rod inside a cylindrical cavity. A top hat laser beam profile (M<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.25, M<sub>y</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.00) was computed through both ZEMAX<sup>®</sup> and LASCAD<sup>®</sup> analysis, with 9.4 W/m<sup>2</sup> TEM<sub>00</sub> mode laser power collection and 0.99% solar-to-TEM<sub>00</sub> mode power conversion efficiencies. By using a 5.8 mm laser rod diameter, a doughnut-shaped solar laser beam profile (M<sub>x</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.90, M<sub>y</sub><sup>2</sup> = 1.00) was observed. The 9.8 W/m<sup>2</sup> TEM<sub>00</sub> mode laser power collection and 1.03% solar-to-TEM<sub>00</sub> mode power conversion efficiencies were also attained, corresponding to an increase of 2.2 and 1.9 times, respectively, compared to the state-of-the-art experimental records. As far as we know, the first numerical simulation of doughnut-shaped and top hat solar laser beam profiles is reported here, significantly contributing to the understanding of the formation of such beam profiles.
format	article
author	Miguel Catela Dawei Liang Cláudia R. Vistas Dário Garcia Bruno D. Tibúrcio Hugo Costa Joana Almeida
author_facet	Miguel Catela Dawei Liang Cláudia R. Vistas Dário Garcia Bruno D. Tibúrcio Hugo Costa Joana Almeida
author_sort	Miguel Catela
title	Doughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis
title_short	Doughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis
title_full	Doughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis
title_fullStr	Doughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis
title_full_unstemmed	Doughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis
title_sort	doughnut-shaped and top hat solar laser beams numerical analysis
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/16857f88a4d244958e7b8ca0419d28dd
work_keys_str_mv	AT miguelcatela doughnutshapedandtophatsolarlaserbeamsnumericalanalysis AT daweiliang doughnutshapedandtophatsolarlaserbeamsnumericalanalysis AT claudiarvistas doughnutshapedandtophatsolarlaserbeamsnumericalanalysis AT dariogarcia doughnutshapedandtophatsolarlaserbeamsnumericalanalysis AT brunodtiburcio doughnutshapedandtophatsolarlaserbeamsnumericalanalysis AT hugocosta doughnutshapedandtophatsolarlaserbeamsnumericalanalysis AT joanaalmeida doughnutshapedandtophatsolarlaserbeamsnumericalanalysis
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Doughnut-Shaped and Top Hat Solar Laser Beams Numerical Analysis

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