Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen

Some cells grow by an intricately coordinated process called tip-growth, which allows the formation of long tubular structures by a remarkable increase in cell surface-to-volume ratio and cell expansion across vast distances. On a broad evolutionary scale, tip-growth has been extraordinarily success...

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Autor principal:	Jens Westermann
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	pollen tube tip-growth polyploid genome doubling cell wall adaptive evolution Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1703a643fa1b40e99a022019d1f7ba52
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1703a643fa1b40e99a022019d1f7ba522021-11-25T18:46:06ZTwo Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen10.3390/plants101123822223-7747https://doaj.org/article/1703a643fa1b40e99a022019d1f7ba522021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2382https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747Some cells grow by an intricately coordinated process called tip-growth, which allows the formation of long tubular structures by a remarkable increase in cell surface-to-volume ratio and cell expansion across vast distances. On a broad evolutionary scale, tip-growth has been extraordinarily successful, as indicated by its recurrent ‘re-discovery’ throughout evolutionary time in all major land plant taxa which allowed for the functional diversification of tip-growing cell types across gametophytic and sporophytic life-phases. All major land plant lineages have experienced (recurrent) polyploidization events and subsequent re-diploidization that may have positively contributed to plant adaptive evolutionary processes. How individual cells respond to genome-doubling on a shorter evolutionary scale has not been addressed as elaborately. Nevertheless, it is clear that when polyploids first form, they face numerous important challenges that must be overcome for lineages to persist. Evidence in the literature suggests that tip-growth is one of those processes. Here, I discuss the literature to present hypotheses about how polyploidization events may challenge efficient tip-growth and strategies which may overcome them: I first review the complex and multi-layered processes by which tip-growing cells maintain their cell wall integrity and steady growth. I will then discuss how they may be affected by the cellular changes that accompany genome-doubling. Finally, I will depict possible mechanisms polyploid plants may evolve to compensate for the effects caused by genome-doubling to regain diploid-like growth, particularly focusing on cell wall dynamics and the subcellular machinery they are controlled by.Jens WestermannMDPI AGarticlepollen tubetip-growthpolyploidgenome doublingcell walladaptive evolutionBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2382, p 2382 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	pollen tube tip-growth polyploid genome doubling cell wall adaptive evolution Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	pollen tube tip-growth polyploid genome doubling cell wall adaptive evolution Botany QK1-989 Jens Westermann Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen
description	Some cells grow by an intricately coordinated process called tip-growth, which allows the formation of long tubular structures by a remarkable increase in cell surface-to-volume ratio and cell expansion across vast distances. On a broad evolutionary scale, tip-growth has been extraordinarily successful, as indicated by its recurrent ‘re-discovery’ throughout evolutionary time in all major land plant taxa which allowed for the functional diversification of tip-growing cell types across gametophytic and sporophytic life-phases. All major land plant lineages have experienced (recurrent) polyploidization events and subsequent re-diploidization that may have positively contributed to plant adaptive evolutionary processes. How individual cells respond to genome-doubling on a shorter evolutionary scale has not been addressed as elaborately. Nevertheless, it is clear that when polyploids first form, they face numerous important challenges that must be overcome for lineages to persist. Evidence in the literature suggests that tip-growth is one of those processes. Here, I discuss the literature to present hypotheses about how polyploidization events may challenge efficient tip-growth and strategies which may overcome them: I first review the complex and multi-layered processes by which tip-growing cells maintain their cell wall integrity and steady growth. I will then discuss how they may be affected by the cellular changes that accompany genome-doubling. Finally, I will depict possible mechanisms polyploid plants may evolve to compensate for the effects caused by genome-doubling to regain diploid-like growth, particularly focusing on cell wall dynamics and the subcellular machinery they are controlled by.
format	article
author	Jens Westermann
author_facet	Jens Westermann
author_sort	Jens Westermann
title	Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen
title_short	Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen
title_full	Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen
title_fullStr	Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen
title_full_unstemmed	Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen
title_sort	two is company, but four is a party—challenges of tetraploidization for cell wall dynamics and efficient tip-growth in pollen
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1703a643fa1b40e99a022019d1f7ba52
work_keys_str_mv	AT jenswestermann twoiscompanybutfourisapartychallengesoftetraploidizationforcellwalldynamicsandefficienttipgrowthinpollen
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Two Is Company, but Four Is a Party—Challenges of Tetraploidization for Cell Wall Dynamics and Efficient Tip-Growth in Pollen

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