Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process

Calcifying macroalgae contribute significantly to the structure and function of tropical marine ecosystems. Their calcification and photosynthetic processes are not well understood despite their critical role in marine carbon cycles and high vulnerability to environmental changes. This study aims to...

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Autores principales:	Pimchanok Buapet, Sutinee Sinutok
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	blue carbon climate change macroalgae ecophysiology Botany QK1-989
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/172bed85ad954ad0b998be8cbdcb7795
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:172bed85ad954ad0b998be8cbdcb77952021-11-25T18:47:29ZCalcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process10.3390/plants101125372223-7747https://doaj.org/article/172bed85ad954ad0b998be8cbdcb77952021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/10/11/2537https://doaj.org/toc/2223-7747Calcifying macroalgae contribute significantly to the structure and function of tropical marine ecosystems. Their calcification and photosynthetic processes are not well understood despite their critical role in marine carbon cycles and high vulnerability to environmental changes. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the macroalgal calcification process, focusing on its relevance concerning seawater carbonate chemistry and its relationship to photosynthesis in three dominant calcified macroalgae in Thailand, <i>Padina boryana</i>, <i>Halimeda macroloba</i> and <i>Halimeda opuntia</i>. Morphological and microstructural attributes of the three macroalgae were analyzed and subsequently linked to their calcification rates and responses to inhibition of photosynthesis. In the first experiment, seawater pH, total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon were measured after incubation of the macroalgae in the light and after equilibration of the seawater with air. Estimations of carbon uptake into photosynthesis and calcification and carbon release into air were obtained thereafter. Our results provide evidence that calcification of the three calcified macroalgae is a potential source of CO<sub>2</sub>, where calcification by <i>H. opuntia</i> and <i>H. macroloba</i> leads to a greater release of CO<sub>2</sub> per biomass weight than <i>P. boryana</i>. Nevertheless, this capacity is expected to vary on a diurnal basis, as the second experiment indicates that calcification is highly coupled to photosynthetic activity. Lower pH as a result of inhibited photosynthesis under darkness imposes more negative effects on <i>H. opuntia</i> and <i>H. macroloba</i> than on <i>P. boryana</i>, implying that they are more sensitive to acidification. These effects were worsened when photosynthesis was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, highlighting the significance of photosynthetic electron transport-dependent processes. Our findings suggest that estimations of the amount of carbon stored in the vegetated marine ecosystems should account for macroalgal calcification as a potential carbon source while considering diurnal variations in photosynthesis and seawater pH in a natural setting.Pimchanok BuapetSutinee SinutokMDPI AGarticleblue carbonclimate changemacroalgaeecophysiologyBotanyQK1-989ENPlants, Vol 10, Iss 2537, p 2537 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	blue carbon climate change macroalgae ecophysiology Botany QK1-989
spellingShingle	blue carbon climate change macroalgae ecophysiology Botany QK1-989 Pimchanok Buapet Sutinee Sinutok Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process
description	Calcifying macroalgae contribute significantly to the structure and function of tropical marine ecosystems. Their calcification and photosynthetic processes are not well understood despite their critical role in marine carbon cycles and high vulnerability to environmental changes. This study aims to provide a better understanding of the macroalgal calcification process, focusing on its relevance concerning seawater carbonate chemistry and its relationship to photosynthesis in three dominant calcified macroalgae in Thailand, <i>Padina boryana</i>, <i>Halimeda macroloba</i> and <i>Halimeda opuntia</i>. Morphological and microstructural attributes of the three macroalgae were analyzed and subsequently linked to their calcification rates and responses to inhibition of photosynthesis. In the first experiment, seawater pH, total alkalinity and total dissolved inorganic carbon were measured after incubation of the macroalgae in the light and after equilibration of the seawater with air. Estimations of carbon uptake into photosynthesis and calcification and carbon release into air were obtained thereafter. Our results provide evidence that calcification of the three calcified macroalgae is a potential source of CO<sub>2</sub>, where calcification by <i>H. opuntia</i> and <i>H. macroloba</i> leads to a greater release of CO<sub>2</sub> per biomass weight than <i>P. boryana</i>. Nevertheless, this capacity is expected to vary on a diurnal basis, as the second experiment indicates that calcification is highly coupled to photosynthetic activity. Lower pH as a result of inhibited photosynthesis under darkness imposes more negative effects on <i>H. opuntia</i> and <i>H. macroloba</i> than on <i>P. boryana</i>, implying that they are more sensitive to acidification. These effects were worsened when photosynthesis was inhibited by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, highlighting the significance of photosynthetic electron transport-dependent processes. Our findings suggest that estimations of the amount of carbon stored in the vegetated marine ecosystems should account for macroalgal calcification as a potential carbon source while considering diurnal variations in photosynthesis and seawater pH in a natural setting.
format	article
author	Pimchanok Buapet Sutinee Sinutok
author_facet	Pimchanok Buapet Sutinee Sinutok
author_sort	Pimchanok Buapet
title	Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process
title_short	Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process
title_full	Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process
title_fullStr	Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process
title_full_unstemmed	Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process
title_sort	calcification in three common calcified algae from phuket, thailand: potential relevance on seawater carbonate chemistry and link to photosynthetic process
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/172bed85ad954ad0b998be8cbdcb7795
work_keys_str_mv	AT pimchanokbuapet calcificationinthreecommoncalcifiedalgaefromphuketthailandpotentialrelevanceonseawatercarbonatechemistryandlinktophotosyntheticprocess AT sutineesinutok calcificationinthreecommoncalcifiedalgaefromphuketthailandpotentialrelevanceonseawatercarbonatechemistryandlinktophotosyntheticprocess
_version_	1718410696944779264

Calcification in Three Common Calcified Algae from Phuket, Thailand: Potential Relevance on Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Link to Photosynthetic Process

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