Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application

Fundamental studies in neuroimmunophysiology are the keystone for development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of infectious, allergic, oncologic and autoimmune diseases. The achievements in this field allowed approving new treatment methods based on irritation of afferent and efferent...

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Autor principal:	E. A. Korneva
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	RU
Publicado:	SPb RAACI 2020
Materias:	neuroimmune interactions afferent pathways efferent pathways reflex inflammation treatment Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/17c003d6d5c149e497b47551e9b399c4
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:17c003d6d5c149e497b47551e9b399c42021-11-18T08:03:49ZPathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application1563-06252313-741X10.15789/1563-0625-PON-1974https://doaj.org/article/17c003d6d5c149e497b47551e9b399c42020-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mimmun.ru/mimmun/article/view/1974https://doaj.org/toc/1563-0625https://doaj.org/toc/2313-741XFundamental studies in neuroimmunophysiology are the keystone for development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of infectious, allergic, oncologic and autoimmune diseases. The achievements in this field allowed approving new treatment methods based on irritation of afferent and efferent fibers of autonomic nerves. That became possible due to numerous studies of pathways between the immune and nervous systems performed over last two decades. The milestones in the history of neuroimmune communication research are represented here. The immune system organs – bone marrow, thymus and spleen are coupled to central nervous system (CNS) via sympathetic nerves. Information about LPS and bacteria emergence in peritoneum, intestine and parenchymal organs reaches the brain via parasympathetic pathways. After vagotomy, the brain neurons do not respond to this kind of antigens. The pattern of brain responses to different applied antigens (the EEG changes and the quantity of c-Fos-positive neurons) is specific for definite antigen, like as algorithms of electroneurogram after exposure to different cytokines. Activation of parasympathetic nerves causes the inhibition of inflammation. The entry of any antigens into the body initiates production of cytokines (IL-1, TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ etc.), via specific receptors which are present on peripheral neurons and terminals of vagus nerve, i.e. the vagal afferent terminals and neurons respond to cytokine action, and these signals are transmitted to CNS neurons. The afferent vagal fibers end on the dorsal vagal complex neurons in the caudal part of medulla oblongata. The information about bacterial antigens, LPS and inflammation is transmitted to the brain via afferent autonomic neural pathways. The speed of this process is high and significantly depends on the rates of cytokine production that are transmitters of signals upon the antigen exposure. It is important to emphasize that this events occur within minutes, and the response to the received information proceeds by reflex mechanisms, i.e., within fraction of a second, as exemplified by inflammation (“inflammation reflex”). This is a fundamentally new and revolutionary discovery in the functional studies of immune system regulation. Clinical efficiency of n. vagus stimulation by pulsed ultrasound was shown, being used for the treatment of inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, renal inflammatory diseases. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces the death of animals in septic shock by 80%. The mentioned data have made a revolution in understanding the functional arrangement of immune system in the body. A hypothesis is represented, which suggests how the information on the antigen exposure is transmitted to the brain.E. A. KornevaSPb RAACIarticleneuroimmune interactionsafferent pathwaysefferent pathwaysreflexinflammationtreatmentImmunologic diseases. AllergyRC581-607RUMedicinskaâ Immunologiâ, Vol 22, Iss 3, Pp 405-418 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	RU
topic	neuroimmune interactions afferent pathways efferent pathways reflex inflammation treatment Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607
spellingShingle	neuroimmune interactions afferent pathways efferent pathways reflex inflammation treatment Immunologic diseases. Allergy RC581-607 E. A. Korneva Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application
description	Fundamental studies in neuroimmunophysiology are the keystone for development of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of infectious, allergic, oncologic and autoimmune diseases. The achievements in this field allowed approving new treatment methods based on irritation of afferent and efferent fibers of autonomic nerves. That became possible due to numerous studies of pathways between the immune and nervous systems performed over last two decades. The milestones in the history of neuroimmune communication research are represented here. The immune system organs – bone marrow, thymus and spleen are coupled to central nervous system (CNS) via sympathetic nerves. Information about LPS and bacteria emergence in peritoneum, intestine and parenchymal organs reaches the brain via parasympathetic pathways. After vagotomy, the brain neurons do not respond to this kind of antigens. The pattern of brain responses to different applied antigens (the EEG changes and the quantity of c-Fos-positive neurons) is specific for definite antigen, like as algorithms of electroneurogram after exposure to different cytokines. Activation of parasympathetic nerves causes the inhibition of inflammation. The entry of any antigens into the body initiates production of cytokines (IL-1, TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ etc.), via specific receptors which are present on peripheral neurons and terminals of vagus nerve, i.e. the vagal afferent terminals and neurons respond to cytokine action, and these signals are transmitted to CNS neurons. The afferent vagal fibers end on the dorsal vagal complex neurons in the caudal part of medulla oblongata. The information about bacterial antigens, LPS and inflammation is transmitted to the brain via afferent autonomic neural pathways. The speed of this process is high and significantly depends on the rates of cytokine production that are transmitters of signals upon the antigen exposure. It is important to emphasize that this events occur within minutes, and the response to the received information proceeds by reflex mechanisms, i.e., within fraction of a second, as exemplified by inflammation (“inflammation reflex”). This is a fundamentally new and revolutionary discovery in the functional studies of immune system regulation. Clinical efficiency of n. vagus stimulation by pulsed ultrasound was shown, being used for the treatment of inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, renal inflammatory diseases. Electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve reduces the death of animals in septic shock by 80%. The mentioned data have made a revolution in understanding the functional arrangement of immune system in the body. A hypothesis is represented, which suggests how the information on the antigen exposure is transmitted to the brain.
format	article
author	E. A. Korneva
author_facet	E. A. Korneva
author_sort	E. A. Korneva
title	Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application
title_short	Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application
title_full	Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application
title_fullStr	Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application
title_full_unstemmed	Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application
title_sort	pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application
publisher	SPb RAACI
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/17c003d6d5c149e497b47551e9b399c4
work_keys_str_mv	AT eakorneva pathwaysofneuroimmunecommunicationpastandpresenttimeclinicalapplication
_version_	1718422335004868608

Pathways of neuro-immune communication: past and present time, clinical application

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