Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

β-sitosterol, a phytosterol with multiple biological activities, has been used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are only a few reports on the use of β-sitosterol in improving milk synthesis in dairy cows. This study aimed to investigate the effects of β-sitosterol on milk fat and prote...

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Autores principales:	Xinlu Liu, Jinglin Shen, Jinxin Zong, Jiayi Liu, Yongcheng Jin
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	bovine mammary epithelial cells β-sitosterol milk synthesis mRNA and protein expression Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/17d775ac1f19483f99fb66e65c881b37
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:17d775ac1f19483f99fb66e65c881b372021-11-25T16:19:43ZBeta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells10.3390/ani111132382076-2615https://doaj.org/article/17d775ac1f19483f99fb66e65c881b372021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/11/11/3238https://doaj.org/toc/2076-2615β-sitosterol, a phytosterol with multiple biological activities, has been used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are only a few reports on the use of β-sitosterol in improving milk synthesis in dairy cows. This study aimed to investigate the effects of β-sitosterol on milk fat and protein syntheses in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and its regulatory mechanism. MAC-T cells were treated with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 μM) of β-sitosterol, and the expression levels of milk protein and fat synthesis-related genes and proteins were analyzed. β-sitosterol at 0.1, 1, and 10 μM concentrations promoted the mRNA and protein expression of β-casein. β-sitosterol (0.1, 1, 10 μM) increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of signal transducer activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) of the JAK2/STAT5 and mTOR signaling pathways. It also stimulated the milk fat synthesis-related factors, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and stearyl CoA desaturase (SCD). β-sitosterol (0.1, 1, 10 μM) also significantly increased the expression of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-related genes. Notably, the compound inhibited the expression of the negative regulator, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) at the two lower concentrations (0.1, 1 μM), but significantly promoted the expression at the highest concentration (30 μM). These results highlight the role of β-sitosterol at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM in improving milk protein and fat syntheses, regulating milk quality. Therefore, β-sitosterol can be used as a potential feed additive to improve milk quality in dairy cows.Xinlu LiuJinglin ShenJinxin ZongJiayi LiuYongcheng JinMDPI AGarticlebovine mammary epithelial cellsβ-sitosterolmilk synthesismRNA and protein expressionVeterinary medicineSF600-1100ZoologyQL1-991ENAnimals, Vol 11, Iss 3238, p 3238 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	bovine mammary epithelial cells β-sitosterol milk synthesis mRNA and protein expression Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991
spellingShingle	bovine mammary epithelial cells β-sitosterol milk synthesis mRNA and protein expression Veterinary medicine SF600-1100 Zoology QL1-991 Xinlu Liu Jinglin Shen Jinxin Zong Jiayi Liu Yongcheng Jin Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
description	β-sitosterol, a phytosterol with multiple biological activities, has been used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, there are only a few reports on the use of β-sitosterol in improving milk synthesis in dairy cows. This study aimed to investigate the effects of β-sitosterol on milk fat and protein syntheses in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) and its regulatory mechanism. MAC-T cells were treated with different concentrations (0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 μM) of β-sitosterol, and the expression levels of milk protein and fat synthesis-related genes and proteins were analyzed. β-sitosterol at 0.1, 1, and 10 μM concentrations promoted the mRNA and protein expression of β-casein. β-sitosterol (0.1, 1, 10 μM) increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of signal transducer activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) of the JAK2/STAT5 and mTOR signaling pathways. It also stimulated the milk fat synthesis-related factors, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and stearyl CoA desaturase (SCD). β-sitosterol (0.1, 1, 10 μM) also significantly increased the expression of growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-related genes. Notably, the compound inhibited the expression of the negative regulator, the suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 (SOCS2) at the two lower concentrations (0.1, 1 μM), but significantly promoted the expression at the highest concentration (30 μM). These results highlight the role of β-sitosterol at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM in improving milk protein and fat syntheses, regulating milk quality. Therefore, β-sitosterol can be used as a potential feed additive to improve milk quality in dairy cows.
format	article
author	Xinlu Liu Jinglin Shen Jinxin Zong Jiayi Liu Yongcheng Jin
author_facet	Xinlu Liu Jinglin Shen Jinxin Zong Jiayi Liu Yongcheng Jin
author_sort	Xinlu Liu
title	Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
title_short	Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
title_full	Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
title_fullStr	Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
title_full_unstemmed	Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
title_sort	beta-sitosterol promotes milk protein and fat syntheses-related genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/17d775ac1f19483f99fb66e65c881b37
work_keys_str_mv	AT xinluliu betasitosterolpromotesmilkproteinandfatsynthesesrelatedgenesinbovinemammaryepithelialcells AT jinglinshen betasitosterolpromotesmilkproteinandfatsynthesesrelatedgenesinbovinemammaryepithelialcells AT jinxinzong betasitosterolpromotesmilkproteinandfatsynthesesrelatedgenesinbovinemammaryepithelialcells AT jiayiliu betasitosterolpromotesmilkproteinandfatsynthesesrelatedgenesinbovinemammaryepithelialcells AT yongchengjin betasitosterolpromotesmilkproteinandfatsynthesesrelatedgenesinbovinemammaryepithelialcells
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Beta-Sitosterol Promotes Milk Protein and Fat Syntheses-Related Genes in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

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