Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan

This study explored the long-term trends and breakpoints of vegetation, rainfall, and temperature in Taiwan from overall and regional perspectives in terms of vertical differences from 1982 to 2012. With time-series Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation in...

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Autores principales:	Hui Ping Tsai, Geng-Gui Wang, Zhong-Han Zhuang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) climate change rainfall temperature vertical difference long-term dynamics Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/18498c067dc74aa29f69a376f77c3f2b
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:18498c067dc74aa29f69a376f77c3f2b2021-11-25T18:55:36ZVertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan10.3390/rs132247072072-4292https://doaj.org/article/18498c067dc74aa29f69a376f77c3f2b2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/22/4707https://doaj.org/toc/2072-4292This study explored the long-term trends and breakpoints of vegetation, rainfall, and temperature in Taiwan from overall and regional perspectives in terms of vertical differences from 1982 to 2012. With time-series Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and Taiwan Climate Change Estimate and Information Platform (TCCIP) gridded monthly climatic data, their vertical dynamics were investigated by employing the Breaks for Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) algorithm, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and the Durbin–Watson test. The vertical differences in NDVI values presented three breakpoints and a consistent trend from positive (1982 to 1989) to negative at varied rates, and then gradually increased after 2000. In addition, a positive rainfall trend was discovered. Average and maximum temperature had similar increasing trends, while minimum temperature showed variations, especially at higher altitudes. In terms of regional variations, the vegetation growth was stable in the north but worse in the central region. Higher elevations revealed larger variations in the NDVI and temperature datasets. NDVI, along with average and minimum temperature, showed their largest changes earlier in higher altitude areas. Specifically, the increasing minimum temperature direction was more prominent in the mid-to-high-altitude areas in the eastern and central regions. Seasonal variations were observed for each region. The difference between the dry and wet seasons is becoming larger, with the smallest difference in the northern region and the largest difference in the southern region. Taiwan’s NDVI and climatic factors have a significant negative correlation (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but the maximum and minimum temperatures have significant positive effects at low altitudes below 500 m. The northern and central regions reveal similar responses, while the south and east display different feedbacks. The results illuminate climate change evidence from assessment of the long-term dynamics of vegetation and climatic factors, providing valuable references for establishing correspondent climate-adaptive strategies in Taiwan.Hui Ping TsaiGeng-Gui WangZhong-Han ZhuangMDPI AGarticlenormalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)climate changerainfalltemperaturevertical differencelong-term dynamicsScienceQENRemote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4707, p 4707 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) climate change rainfall temperature vertical difference long-term dynamics Science Q
spellingShingle	normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) climate change rainfall temperature vertical difference long-term dynamics Science Q Hui Ping Tsai Geng-Gui Wang Zhong-Han Zhuang Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan
description	This study explored the long-term trends and breakpoints of vegetation, rainfall, and temperature in Taiwan from overall and regional perspectives in terms of vertical differences from 1982 to 2012. With time-series Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and Taiwan Climate Change Estimate and Information Platform (TCCIP) gridded monthly climatic data, their vertical dynamics were investigated by employing the Breaks for Additive Seasonal and Trend (BFAST) algorithm, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and the Durbin–Watson test. The vertical differences in NDVI values presented three breakpoints and a consistent trend from positive (1982 to 1989) to negative at varied rates, and then gradually increased after 2000. In addition, a positive rainfall trend was discovered. Average and maximum temperature had similar increasing trends, while minimum temperature showed variations, especially at higher altitudes. In terms of regional variations, the vegetation growth was stable in the north but worse in the central region. Higher elevations revealed larger variations in the NDVI and temperature datasets. NDVI, along with average and minimum temperature, showed their largest changes earlier in higher altitude areas. Specifically, the increasing minimum temperature direction was more prominent in the mid-to-high-altitude areas in the eastern and central regions. Seasonal variations were observed for each region. The difference between the dry and wet seasons is becoming larger, with the smallest difference in the northern region and the largest difference in the southern region. Taiwan’s NDVI and climatic factors have a significant negative correlation (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but the maximum and minimum temperatures have significant positive effects at low altitudes below 500 m. The northern and central regions reveal similar responses, while the south and east display different feedbacks. The results illuminate climate change evidence from assessment of the long-term dynamics of vegetation and climatic factors, providing valuable references for establishing correspondent climate-adaptive strategies in Taiwan.
format	article
author	Hui Ping Tsai Geng-Gui Wang Zhong-Han Zhuang
author_facet	Hui Ping Tsai Geng-Gui Wang Zhong-Han Zhuang
author_sort	Hui Ping Tsai
title	Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan
title_short	Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan
title_full	Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan
title_fullStr	Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan
title_full_unstemmed	Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan
title_sort	vertical differences in the long-term trends and breakpoints of ndvi and climate factors in taiwan
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/18498c067dc74aa29f69a376f77c3f2b
work_keys_str_mv	AT huipingtsai verticaldifferencesinthelongtermtrendsandbreakpointsofndviandclimatefactorsintaiwan AT gengguiwang verticaldifferencesinthelongtermtrendsandbreakpointsofndviandclimatefactorsintaiwan AT zhonghanzhuang verticaldifferencesinthelongtermtrendsandbreakpointsofndviandclimatefactorsintaiwan
_version_	1718410508799836160

Vertical Differences in the Long-Term Trends and Breakpoints of NDVI and Climate Factors in Taiwan

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