Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study

Seth Scott Bittker,1 Kathleen Roberta Bell2 1Interdisciplinary Center for Innovative Theory and Empirics (INCITE), Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; 2Independent Contractor, Waterloo, ON, Canada Background: While many studies have examined environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disor...

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Autores principales:	Bittker SS, Bell KR
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Dove Medical Press 2018
Materias:	ASD folate epidemiology risk factor postnatal Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/186aa76d73944dd2b9a2072d23cb2546
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:186aa76d73944dd2b9a2072d23cb25462021-12-02T06:58:31ZAcetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study1178-2021https://doaj.org/article/186aa76d73944dd2b9a2072d23cb25462018-05-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/acetaminophen-antibiotics-ear-infection-breastfeeding-vitamin-d-drops--peer-reviewed-article-NDThttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2021Seth Scott Bittker,1 Kathleen Roberta Bell2 1Interdisciplinary Center for Innovative Theory and Empirics (INCITE), Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; 2Independent Contractor, Waterloo, ON, Canada Background: While many studies have examined environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), much of the research focus has been on prenatal or perinatal factors. Yet, the postnatal environment may affect the risk of ASD as well. Objective: To determine whether a set of five postnatal variables are associated with ASD. These variables are: acetaminophen exposure, antibiotic exposure, incidence of ear infection, decreased duration of breastfeeding, and decreased consumption of oral vitamin D drops. Materials and methods: An Internet-based survey was conducted. Participants were parents living in the USA with at least one biological child between 3 and 12 years of age. Potential participants were informed about the survey via postings on social media, websites, and listservs and were offered an opportunity to participate in a raffle as well. Participants were also recruited through the Interactive Autism Network. Results: There were 1,741 completed survey responses. After exclusions, there remained 1,001 responses associated with children with ASD (cases) and 514 responses associated with children who do not have ASD (controls). In this data set, doses of postnatal acetaminophen (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.016, CI: 1.003–1.032, p=0.026), courses of postnatal antibiotics (aOR 1.103, CI: 1.046–1.168, p<0.001), incidence of postnatal ear infection (aOR 1.137, CI: 1.046–1.236, p=0.003), and decreased duration of breastfeeding (aOR 0.948, CI: 0.932–0.965, p<0.001) are all associated with ASD when adjusted for eight demographic variables. A weak association between oral vitamin D drop exposure and ASD was also found when adjusted for breastfeeding and demographics (aOR 1.025, CI: 0.995–1.056, p=0.102). Conclusion: This study adds to evidence that postnatal acetaminophen use, postnatal antibiotic use, incidence of ear infection, and early weaning are associated with an increased risk of ASD. It also finds that postnatal oral vitamin D drops are weakly associated with ASD when adjusted for breastfeeding and demographics. Keywords: ASD, folate, epidemiology, risk factor, postnatalBittker SSBell KRDove Medical PressarticleASDfolateepidemiologyrisk factorpostnatalNeurosciences. Biological psychiatry. NeuropsychiatryRC321-571Neurology. Diseases of the nervous systemRC346-429ENNeuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Vol Volume 14, Pp 1399-1414 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	ASD folate epidemiology risk factor postnatal Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429
spellingShingle	ASD folate epidemiology risk factor postnatal Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry RC321-571 Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system RC346-429 Bittker SS Bell KR Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study
description	Seth Scott Bittker,1 Kathleen Roberta Bell2 1Interdisciplinary Center for Innovative Theory and Empirics (INCITE), Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; 2Independent Contractor, Waterloo, ON, Canada Background: While many studies have examined environmental risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), much of the research focus has been on prenatal or perinatal factors. Yet, the postnatal environment may affect the risk of ASD as well. Objective: To determine whether a set of five postnatal variables are associated with ASD. These variables are: acetaminophen exposure, antibiotic exposure, incidence of ear infection, decreased duration of breastfeeding, and decreased consumption of oral vitamin D drops. Materials and methods: An Internet-based survey was conducted. Participants were parents living in the USA with at least one biological child between 3 and 12 years of age. Potential participants were informed about the survey via postings on social media, websites, and listservs and were offered an opportunity to participate in a raffle as well. Participants were also recruited through the Interactive Autism Network. Results: There were 1,741 completed survey responses. After exclusions, there remained 1,001 responses associated with children with ASD (cases) and 514 responses associated with children who do not have ASD (controls). In this data set, doses of postnatal acetaminophen (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.016, CI: 1.003–1.032, p=0.026), courses of postnatal antibiotics (aOR 1.103, CI: 1.046–1.168, p<0.001), incidence of postnatal ear infection (aOR 1.137, CI: 1.046–1.236, p=0.003), and decreased duration of breastfeeding (aOR 0.948, CI: 0.932–0.965, p<0.001) are all associated with ASD when adjusted for eight demographic variables. A weak association between oral vitamin D drop exposure and ASD was also found when adjusted for breastfeeding and demographics (aOR 1.025, CI: 0.995–1.056, p=0.102). Conclusion: This study adds to evidence that postnatal acetaminophen use, postnatal antibiotic use, incidence of ear infection, and early weaning are associated with an increased risk of ASD. It also finds that postnatal oral vitamin D drops are weakly associated with ASD when adjusted for breastfeeding and demographics. Keywords: ASD, folate, epidemiology, risk factor, postnatal
format	article
author	Bittker SS Bell KR
author_facet	Bittker SS Bell KR
author_sort	Bittker SS
title	Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study
title_short	Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study
title_full	Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study
title_fullStr	Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study
title_full_unstemmed	Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study
title_sort	acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin d drops, and autism: an epidemiological study
publisher	Dove Medical Press
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/186aa76d73944dd2b9a2072d23cb2546
work_keys_str_mv	AT bittkerss acetaminophenantibioticsearinfectionbreastfeedingvitaminddropsandautismanepidemiologicalstudy AT bellkr acetaminophenantibioticsearinfectionbreastfeedingvitaminddropsandautismanepidemiologicalstudy
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Acetaminophen, antibiotics, ear infection, breastfeeding, vitamin D drops, and autism: an epidemiological study

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