Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy has been used worldwide for many decades as a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of different types of cancer. Just over 50% of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy alone or with other types of antitumor therapy. Radiation can induce different types of cell damage: dire...

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Autores principales:	Angeles Carlos-Reyes, Marcos A. Muñiz-Lino, Susana Romero-Garcia, César López-Camarillo, Olga N. Hernández-de la Cruz
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	radioresistance radiotherapy cancer DNA-damage response DNA repair pathways Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1898651ef5e744b3b3d8a5ad576e0cb0
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1898651ef5e744b3b3d8a5ad576e0cb02021-11-30T19:17:08ZBiological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy2234-943X10.3389/fonc.2021.718636https://doaj.org/article/1898651ef5e744b3b3d8a5ad576e0cb02021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.718636/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2234-943XRadiation therapy has been used worldwide for many decades as a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of different types of cancer. Just over 50% of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy alone or with other types of antitumor therapy. Radiation can induce different types of cell damage: directly, it can induce DNA single- and double-strand breaks; indirectly, it can induce the formation of free radicals, which can interact with different components of cells, including the genome, promoting structural alterations. During treatment, radiosensitive tumor cells decrease their rate of cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest stimulated by DNA damage. Then, DNA repair mechanisms are turned on to alleviate the damage, but cell death mechanisms are activated if damage persists and cannot be repaired. Interestingly, some cells can evade apoptosis because genome damage triggers the cellular overactivation of some DNA repair pathways. Additionally, some surviving cells exposed to radiation may have alterations in the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, enhancing different hallmarks of cancer, such as migration, invasion, and metastasis. The activation of these genetic pathways and other epigenetic and structural cellular changes in the irradiated cells and extracellular factors, such as the tumor microenvironment, is crucial in developing tumor radioresistance. The tumor microenvironment is largely responsible for the poor efficacy of antitumor therapy, tumor relapse, and poor prognosis observed in some patients. In this review, we describe strategies that tumor cells use to respond to radiation stress, adapt, and proliferate after radiotherapy, promoting the appearance of tumor radioresistance. Also, we discuss the clinical impact of radioresistance in patient outcomes. Knowledge of such cellular strategies could help the development of new clinical interventions, increasing the radiosensitization of tumor cells, improving the effectiveness of these therapies, and increasing the survival of patients.Angeles Carlos-ReyesMarcos A. Muñiz-LinoSusana Romero-GarciaCésar López-CamarilloOlga N. Hernández-de la CruzFrontiers Media S.A.articleradioresistanceradiotherapycancerDNA-damage responseDNA repair pathwaysNeoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogensRC254-282ENFrontiers in Oncology, Vol 11 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	radioresistance radiotherapy cancer DNA-damage response DNA repair pathways Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282
spellingShingle	radioresistance radiotherapy cancer DNA-damage response DNA repair pathways Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens RC254-282 Angeles Carlos-Reyes Marcos A. Muñiz-Lino Susana Romero-Garcia César López-Camarillo Olga N. Hernández-de la Cruz Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy
description	Radiation therapy has been used worldwide for many decades as a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of different types of cancer. Just over 50% of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy alone or with other types of antitumor therapy. Radiation can induce different types of cell damage: directly, it can induce DNA single- and double-strand breaks; indirectly, it can induce the formation of free radicals, which can interact with different components of cells, including the genome, promoting structural alterations. During treatment, radiosensitive tumor cells decrease their rate of cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest stimulated by DNA damage. Then, DNA repair mechanisms are turned on to alleviate the damage, but cell death mechanisms are activated if damage persists and cannot be repaired. Interestingly, some cells can evade apoptosis because genome damage triggers the cellular overactivation of some DNA repair pathways. Additionally, some surviving cells exposed to radiation may have alterations in the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, enhancing different hallmarks of cancer, such as migration, invasion, and metastasis. The activation of these genetic pathways and other epigenetic and structural cellular changes in the irradiated cells and extracellular factors, such as the tumor microenvironment, is crucial in developing tumor radioresistance. The tumor microenvironment is largely responsible for the poor efficacy of antitumor therapy, tumor relapse, and poor prognosis observed in some patients. In this review, we describe strategies that tumor cells use to respond to radiation stress, adapt, and proliferate after radiotherapy, promoting the appearance of tumor radioresistance. Also, we discuss the clinical impact of radioresistance in patient outcomes. Knowledge of such cellular strategies could help the development of new clinical interventions, increasing the radiosensitization of tumor cells, improving the effectiveness of these therapies, and increasing the survival of patients.
format	article
author	Angeles Carlos-Reyes Marcos A. Muñiz-Lino Susana Romero-Garcia César López-Camarillo Olga N. Hernández-de la Cruz
author_facet	Angeles Carlos-Reyes Marcos A. Muñiz-Lino Susana Romero-Garcia César López-Camarillo Olga N. Hernández-de la Cruz
author_sort	Angeles Carlos-Reyes
title	Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy
title_short	Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy
title_full	Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy
title_fullStr	Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy
title_full_unstemmed	Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy
title_sort	biological adaptations of tumor cells to radiation therapy
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1898651ef5e744b3b3d8a5ad576e0cb0
work_keys_str_mv	AT angelescarlosreyes biologicaladaptationsoftumorcellstoradiationtherapy AT marcosamunizlino biologicaladaptationsoftumorcellstoradiationtherapy AT susanaromerogarcia biologicaladaptationsoftumorcellstoradiationtherapy AT cesarlopezcamarillo biologicaladaptationsoftumorcellstoradiationtherapy AT olganhernandezdelacruz biologicaladaptationsoftumorcellstoradiationtherapy
_version_	1718406306796142592

Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy

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