Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature

Old Tamil Sangam literature can offer some very concrete information about a number of local kings and chieftains (Pāri, Ōri, Āy, Naḷḷi, Pēkaṉ etc.) and occasionally also their relations with the three great dynasties Pāṇṭya, Cōḻa and Cēra. The three dynasties use special symbols, which are partly...

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Autor principal:	Jaroslav Vacek
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing 2021
Materias:	Tamil literature Sangam literature early Tamil history old Tamil kings old Tamil chieftains lexical frequency in Sangam texts Indo-Iranian languages and literature PK1-9601 Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania PL1-8844
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/18c2f36333564d6187f4eca38a787c39
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:18c2f36333564d6187f4eca38a787c392021-11-27T12:53:09ZOld Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature10.12797/CIS.15.2013.15.171732-09172449-8696https://doaj.org/article/18c2f36333564d6187f4eca38a787c392021-08-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.akademicka.pl/cis/article/view/1558https://doaj.org/toc/1732-0917https://doaj.org/toc/2449-8696 Old Tamil Sangam literature can offer some very concrete information about a number of local kings and chieftains (Pāri, Ōri, Āy, Naḷḷi, Pēkaṉ etc.) and occasionally also their relations with the three great dynasties Pāṇṭya, Cōḻa and Cēra. The three dynasties use special symbols, which are partly derived from nature: tiger (puli) – the emblem of the Cōḻa Kings; fish (mīṉ) – the symbol of the Pāṇṭyas. The Western Cēras use a ‘military’ symbol, viz. the bow (vil). Kings and chieftains (vēḷir) are referred to on various occasions; they fulfil various roles, among other things also that of ‘sponsors’ of the poets. References to chieftains and other ‘political’ figures in Sangam literature are made with regard to war and partly other social functions as can be seen in the standard formulas appearing with these figures. The paper sums up some of the roles of the castes according to the Poruḷatikāram of the Tolkāppiyam grammar and then deals with the ‘positive’ attributes of kings and chieftains. For example, they possess strong or quick bows (val vil, 33x), long lances (neṭu vēl, 29x) or sharp lances (kūr vēl, 10x), (great) moving chariots (iyal tēr, 21x) or strong chariots (tēr vaṇ, 8x), and strong horses (mā vaṇ, 11x) or big horses (neṭu mā, 5x). Their hands are wide (taṭam kai, 46x) and liberal (kai vaṇ, 18x) and they perform victorious battles (vel pōr, 36x) and good battles (nal pōr, 7x). They have a reputation for liberality (vaṇ pukaḻ, 5x), in fact, they experience joy in liberality (vaṇ makiḻ, 14x). They enjoy excellence (cīr keḻu, 14x), abundant fame (urai cāl, 19x) or great fame (name) (peru peyar, 36x). There are also negative attributes. The paper will document some selected ‘qualifications’ of the ‘men of war’. Jaroslav VacekKsiegarnia Akademicka PublishingarticleTamil literatureSangam literatureearly Tamil historyold Tamil kingsold Tamil chieftainslexical frequency in Sangam textsIndo-Iranian languages and literaturePK1-9601Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, OceaniaPL1-8844ENCracow Indological Studies, Vol 15 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Tamil literature Sangam literature early Tamil history old Tamil kings old Tamil chieftains lexical frequency in Sangam texts Indo-Iranian languages and literature PK1-9601 Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania PL1-8844
spellingShingle	Tamil literature Sangam literature early Tamil history old Tamil kings old Tamil chieftains lexical frequency in Sangam texts Indo-Iranian languages and literature PK1-9601 Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania PL1-8844 Jaroslav Vacek Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature
description	Old Tamil Sangam literature can offer some very concrete information about a number of local kings and chieftains (Pāri, Ōri, Āy, Naḷḷi, Pēkaṉ etc.) and occasionally also their relations with the three great dynasties Pāṇṭya, Cōḻa and Cēra. The three dynasties use special symbols, which are partly derived from nature: tiger (puli) – the emblem of the Cōḻa Kings; fish (mīṉ) – the symbol of the Pāṇṭyas. The Western Cēras use a ‘military’ symbol, viz. the bow (vil). Kings and chieftains (vēḷir) are referred to on various occasions; they fulfil various roles, among other things also that of ‘sponsors’ of the poets. References to chieftains and other ‘political’ figures in Sangam literature are made with regard to war and partly other social functions as can be seen in the standard formulas appearing with these figures. The paper sums up some of the roles of the castes according to the Poruḷatikāram of the Tolkāppiyam grammar and then deals with the ‘positive’ attributes of kings and chieftains. For example, they possess strong or quick bows (val vil, 33x), long lances (neṭu vēl, 29x) or sharp lances (kūr vēl, 10x), (great) moving chariots (iyal tēr, 21x) or strong chariots (tēr vaṇ, 8x), and strong horses (mā vaṇ, 11x) or big horses (neṭu mā, 5x). Their hands are wide (taṭam kai, 46x) and liberal (kai vaṇ, 18x) and they perform victorious battles (vel pōr, 36x) and good battles (nal pōr, 7x). They have a reputation for liberality (vaṇ pukaḻ, 5x), in fact, they experience joy in liberality (vaṇ makiḻ, 14x). They enjoy excellence (cīr keḻu, 14x), abundant fame (urai cāl, 19x) or great fame (name) (peru peyar, 36x). There are also negative attributes. The paper will document some selected ‘qualifications’ of the ‘men of war’.
format	article
author	Jaroslav Vacek
author_facet	Jaroslav Vacek
author_sort	Jaroslav Vacek
title	Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature
title_short	Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature
title_full	Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature
title_fullStr	Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature
title_full_unstemmed	Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature
title_sort	old tamil kings and chieftains as described in sangam literature
publisher	Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/18c2f36333564d6187f4eca38a787c39
work_keys_str_mv	AT jaroslavvacek oldtamilkingsandchieftainsasdescribedinsangamliterature
_version_	1718408970025041920

Old Tamil Kings and Chieftains as Described in Sangam Literature

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