Turbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy

The increase of the vertical scaling exponent of the horizontal wind <i>Hv</i>(<i>s</i>) with altitude from the surface of the Pacific Ocean to 13 km altitude, as observed by GPS dropsondes, is investigated. An explanation is offered in terms of the decrease of gravitational...

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Autor principal:	Adrian F. Tuck
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	dropsondes windspeed vertical scaling cold bias Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/18ea44561c7f4a2197d1c2c1b1165f7e
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:18ea44561c7f4a2197d1c2c1b1165f7e2021-11-25T16:44:19ZTurbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy10.3390/atmos121114142073-4433https://doaj.org/article/18ea44561c7f4a2197d1c2c1b1165f7e2021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/11/1414https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4433The increase of the vertical scaling exponent of the horizontal wind <i>Hv</i>(<i>s</i>) with altitude from the surface of the Pacific Ocean to 13 km altitude, as observed by GPS dropsondes, is investigated. An explanation is offered in terms of the decrease of gravitational force and decrease of quenching efficiency of excited photofragments from ozone photodissociation with increasing altitude (decreasing pressure). Turbulent scaling is examined in both the vertical from dropsondes and horizontal from aircraft observations; the scaling exponents <i>H</i> for both wind speed and temperature in both coordinates are positively correlated with traditional measures of jet stream strength. Interpretation of the results indicates that persistence of molecular velocity after collision induces symmetry breaking emergence of hydrodynamic flow via the mechanism first modelled by Alder and Wainwright, enabled by the Gibbs free energy carried by the highest speed molecules. It is suggested that the combined effects have the potential to address the cold bias in numerical models of the global atmosphere.Adrian F. TuckMDPI AGarticledropsondeswindspeedvertical scalingcold biasMeteorology. ClimatologyQC851-999ENAtmosphere, Vol 12, Iss 1414, p 1414 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	dropsondes windspeed vertical scaling cold bias Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999
spellingShingle	dropsondes windspeed vertical scaling cold bias Meteorology. Climatology QC851-999 Adrian F. Tuck Turbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy
description	The increase of the vertical scaling exponent of the horizontal wind <i>Hv</i>(<i>s</i>) with altitude from the surface of the Pacific Ocean to 13 km altitude, as observed by GPS dropsondes, is investigated. An explanation is offered in terms of the decrease of gravitational force and decrease of quenching efficiency of excited photofragments from ozone photodissociation with increasing altitude (decreasing pressure). Turbulent scaling is examined in both the vertical from dropsondes and horizontal from aircraft observations; the scaling exponents <i>H</i> for both wind speed and temperature in both coordinates are positively correlated with traditional measures of jet stream strength. Interpretation of the results indicates that persistence of molecular velocity after collision induces symmetry breaking emergence of hydrodynamic flow via the mechanism first modelled by Alder and Wainwright, enabled by the Gibbs free energy carried by the highest speed molecules. It is suggested that the combined effects have the potential to address the cold bias in numerical models of the global atmosphere.
format	article
author	Adrian F. Tuck
author_facet	Adrian F. Tuck
author_sort	Adrian F. Tuck
title	Turbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy
title_short	Turbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy
title_full	Turbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy
title_fullStr	Turbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy
title_full_unstemmed	Turbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy
title_sort	turbulence: vertical shear of the horizontal wind, jet streams, symmetry breaking, scale invariance and gibbs free energy
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/18ea44561c7f4a2197d1c2c1b1165f7e
work_keys_str_mv	AT adrianftuck turbulenceverticalshearofthehorizontalwindjetstreamssymmetrybreakingscaleinvarianceandgibbsfreeenergy
_version_	1718413002694197248

Turbulence: Vertical Shear of the Horizontal Wind, Jet Streams, Symmetry Breaking, Scale Invariance and Gibbs Free Energy

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