Autonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites

Constant detection and monitoring of archaeological sites and objects have always been an important national goal for many countries. The early identification of changes is crucial to preventive conservation. Archaeologists have always considered using service drones to automate collecting data on a...

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Autores principales:	Adel Khelifi, Gabriele Ciccone, Mark Altaweel, Tasnim Basmaji, Mohammed Ghazal
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	aerial monitoring unmanned aerial vehicles mosaicking cultural heritage detection photogrammetry open-source software Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/196c2417608e42e8b46b7b3f4953c91a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:196c2417608e42e8b46b7b3f4953c91a2021-11-11T15:24:09ZAutonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites10.3390/app1121104242076-3417https://doaj.org/article/196c2417608e42e8b46b7b3f4953c91a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/21/10424https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Constant detection and monitoring of archaeological sites and objects have always been an important national goal for many countries. The early identification of changes is crucial to preventive conservation. Archaeologists have always considered using service drones to automate collecting data on and below the ground surface of archaeological sites, with cost and technical barriers being the main hurdles against the wide-scale deployment. Advances in thermal imaging, depth imaging, drones, and artificial intelligence have driven the cost down and improved the quality and volume of data collected and processed. This paper proposes an end-to-end framework for archaeological sites detection and monitoring using autonomous service drones. We mount RGB, depth, and thermal cameras on an autonomous drone for low-altitude data acquisition. To align and aggregate collected images, we propose two-stage multimodal depth-to-RGB and thermal-to-RGB mosaicking algorithms. We then apply detection algorithms to the stitched images to identify change regions and design a user interface to monitor these regions over time. Our results show we can create overlays of aligned thermal and depth data on RGB mosaics of archaeological sites. We tested our change detection algorithm and found it has a root mean square error of 0.04. To validate the proposed framework, we tested our thermal image stitching pipeline against state-of-the-art commercial software. We cost-effectively replicated its functionality while adding a new depth-based modality and created a user interface for temporally monitoring changes in multimodal views of archaeological sites.Adel KhelifiGabriele CicconeMark AltaweelTasnim BasmajiMohammed GhazalMDPI AGarticleaerial monitoringunmanned aerial vehiclesmosaickingcultural heritage detectionphotogrammetryopen-source softwareTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10424, p 10424 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	aerial monitoring unmanned aerial vehicles mosaicking cultural heritage detection photogrammetry open-source software Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	aerial monitoring unmanned aerial vehicles mosaicking cultural heritage detection photogrammetry open-source software Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Adel Khelifi Gabriele Ciccone Mark Altaweel Tasnim Basmaji Mohammed Ghazal Autonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites
description	Constant detection and monitoring of archaeological sites and objects have always been an important national goal for many countries. The early identification of changes is crucial to preventive conservation. Archaeologists have always considered using service drones to automate collecting data on and below the ground surface of archaeological sites, with cost and technical barriers being the main hurdles against the wide-scale deployment. Advances in thermal imaging, depth imaging, drones, and artificial intelligence have driven the cost down and improved the quality and volume of data collected and processed. This paper proposes an end-to-end framework for archaeological sites detection and monitoring using autonomous service drones. We mount RGB, depth, and thermal cameras on an autonomous drone for low-altitude data acquisition. To align and aggregate collected images, we propose two-stage multimodal depth-to-RGB and thermal-to-RGB mosaicking algorithms. We then apply detection algorithms to the stitched images to identify change regions and design a user interface to monitor these regions over time. Our results show we can create overlays of aligned thermal and depth data on RGB mosaics of archaeological sites. We tested our change detection algorithm and found it has a root mean square error of 0.04. To validate the proposed framework, we tested our thermal image stitching pipeline against state-of-the-art commercial software. We cost-effectively replicated its functionality while adding a new depth-based modality and created a user interface for temporally monitoring changes in multimodal views of archaeological sites.
format	article
author	Adel Khelifi Gabriele Ciccone Mark Altaweel Tasnim Basmaji Mohammed Ghazal
author_facet	Adel Khelifi Gabriele Ciccone Mark Altaweel Tasnim Basmaji Mohammed Ghazal
author_sort	Adel Khelifi
title	Autonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites
title_short	Autonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites
title_full	Autonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites
title_fullStr	Autonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites
title_full_unstemmed	Autonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites
title_sort	autonomous service drones for multimodal detection and monitoring of archaeological sites
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/196c2417608e42e8b46b7b3f4953c91a
work_keys_str_mv	AT adelkhelifi autonomousservicedronesformultimodaldetectionandmonitoringofarchaeologicalsites AT gabrieleciccone autonomousservicedronesformultimodaldetectionandmonitoringofarchaeologicalsites AT markaltaweel autonomousservicedronesformultimodaldetectionandmonitoringofarchaeologicalsites AT tasnimbasmaji autonomousservicedronesformultimodaldetectionandmonitoringofarchaeologicalsites AT mohammedghazal autonomousservicedronesformultimodaldetectionandmonitoringofarchaeologicalsites
_version_	1718435353264652288

Autonomous Service Drones for Multimodal Detection and Monitoring of Archaeological Sites

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