Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications

Understanding of how the human organism functions has preoccupied researchers in medicine for a very long time. While most of the mechanisms are well understood and detailed thoroughly, medicine has yet much to discover. Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) are elements on which organisms, ranging...

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Autores principales:	Robert Szabo, Constantin Bodolea, Teodora Mocan
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	nanoparticles iron physiology copper physiology zinc physiology hepcidin inflammation Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/19768596d70d43c8956c89f1fb70e766
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:19768596d70d43c8956c89f1fb70e7662021-11-25T18:31:11ZIron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications10.3390/nano111129582079-4991https://doaj.org/article/19768596d70d43c8956c89f1fb70e7662021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/11/11/2958https://doaj.org/toc/2079-4991Understanding of how the human organism functions has preoccupied researchers in medicine for a very long time. While most of the mechanisms are well understood and detailed thoroughly, medicine has yet much to discover. Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) are elements on which organisms, ranging from simple bacteria all the way to complex ones such as mammals, rely on these divalent ions. Compounded by the continuously evolving biotechnologies, these ions are still relevant today. This review article aims at recapping the mechanisms involved in Fe, Cu, and Zn homeostasis. By applying the knowledge and expanding on future research areas, this article aims to shine new light of existing illness. Thanks to the expanding field of nanotechnology, genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis and thalassemia can be managed today. Nanoparticles (NPs) improve delivery of ions and confer targeting capabilities, with the potential for use in treatment and diagnosis. Iron deficiency, cancer, and sepsis are persisting major issues. While targeted delivery using Fe NPs can be used as food fortifiers, chemotherapeutic agents against cancer cells and microbes have been developed using both Fe and Cu NPs. A fast and accurate means of diagnosis is a major impacting factor on outcome of patients, especially when critically ill. Good quality imaging and bed side diagnostic tools are possible using NPs, which may positively impact outcome.Robert SzaboConstantin BodoleaTeodora MocanMDPI AGarticlenanoparticlesiron physiologycopper physiologyzinc physiologyhepcidininflammationChemistryQD1-999ENNanomaterials, Vol 11, Iss 2958, p 2958 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	nanoparticles iron physiology copper physiology zinc physiology hepcidin inflammation Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	nanoparticles iron physiology copper physiology zinc physiology hepcidin inflammation Chemistry QD1-999 Robert Szabo Constantin Bodolea Teodora Mocan Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications
description	Understanding of how the human organism functions has preoccupied researchers in medicine for a very long time. While most of the mechanisms are well understood and detailed thoroughly, medicine has yet much to discover. Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) are elements on which organisms, ranging from simple bacteria all the way to complex ones such as mammals, rely on these divalent ions. Compounded by the continuously evolving biotechnologies, these ions are still relevant today. This review article aims at recapping the mechanisms involved in Fe, Cu, and Zn homeostasis. By applying the knowledge and expanding on future research areas, this article aims to shine new light of existing illness. Thanks to the expanding field of nanotechnology, genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis and thalassemia can be managed today. Nanoparticles (NPs) improve delivery of ions and confer targeting capabilities, with the potential for use in treatment and diagnosis. Iron deficiency, cancer, and sepsis are persisting major issues. While targeted delivery using Fe NPs can be used as food fortifiers, chemotherapeutic agents against cancer cells and microbes have been developed using both Fe and Cu NPs. A fast and accurate means of diagnosis is a major impacting factor on outcome of patients, especially when critically ill. Good quality imaging and bed side diagnostic tools are possible using NPs, which may positively impact outcome.
format	article
author	Robert Szabo Constantin Bodolea Teodora Mocan
author_facet	Robert Szabo Constantin Bodolea Teodora Mocan
author_sort	Robert Szabo
title	Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications
title_short	Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications
title_full	Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications
title_fullStr	Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications
title_full_unstemmed	Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications
title_sort	iron, copper, and zinc homeostasis: physiology, physiopathology, and nanomediated applications
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/19768596d70d43c8956c89f1fb70e766
work_keys_str_mv	AT robertszabo ironcopperandzinchomeostasisphysiologyphysiopathologyandnanomediatedapplications AT constantinbodolea ironcopperandzinchomeostasisphysiologyphysiopathologyandnanomediatedapplications AT teodoramocan ironcopperandzinchomeostasisphysiologyphysiopathologyandnanomediatedapplications
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Iron, Copper, and Zinc Homeostasis: Physiology, Physiopathology, and Nanomediated Applications

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