Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy

Methylene blue (MB) has been used in the textile industry since it was first extracted by the German chemist Heinrich Caro. Its pharmacological properties have also been applied toward the treatment of certain diseases such as methemoglobinemia, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and thyroid conditi...

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Autor principal:	Dong-Jin Lim
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	methylene blue photosensitizer photodynamic therapy antimicrobial photodynamic therapy Organic chemistry QD241-441
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/19864dddca5c4a74af1c245e8c7b62c1
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:19864dddca5c4a74af1c245e8c7b62c12021-11-25T18:48:44ZMethylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy10.3390/polym132239552073-4360https://doaj.org/article/19864dddca5c4a74af1c245e8c7b62c12021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/13/22/3955https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4360Methylene blue (MB) has been used in the textile industry since it was first extracted by the German chemist Heinrich Caro. Its pharmacological properties have also been applied toward the treatment of certain diseases such as methemoglobinemia, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and thyroid conditions requiring surgery. Recently, the utilization of MB as a safe photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received attention. Recent findings demonstrate that photoactivated MB exhibits not only anticancer activity but also antibacterial activity both in vitro and <i>in vivo</i>. However, due to the hydrophilic nature of MB, it is difficult to create MB-embedded nano- or microparticles capable of increasing the clinical efficacy of the PDT. This review aims to summarize fabrication techniques for MB-embedded nano and microparticles and to provide both in vitro and in vivo examples of MB-mediated PDT, thereby offering a future perspective on improving this promising clinical treatment modality. We also address examples of MB-mediated PDT in both cancer and infection treatments. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies are summarized here to document recent trends in utilizing MB as an effective photosensitizer in PDT. Lastly, we discuss how developing efficient MB-carrying nano- and microparticle platforms would be able to increase the benefits of PDT.Dong-Jin LimMDPI AGarticlemethylene bluephotosensitizerphotodynamic therapyantimicrobial photodynamic therapyOrganic chemistryQD241-441ENPolymers, Vol 13, Iss 3955, p 3955 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	methylene blue photosensitizer photodynamic therapy antimicrobial photodynamic therapy Organic chemistry QD241-441
spellingShingle	methylene blue photosensitizer photodynamic therapy antimicrobial photodynamic therapy Organic chemistry QD241-441 Dong-Jin Lim Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
description	Methylene blue (MB) has been used in the textile industry since it was first extracted by the German chemist Heinrich Caro. Its pharmacological properties have also been applied toward the treatment of certain diseases such as methemoglobinemia, ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and thyroid conditions requiring surgery. Recently, the utilization of MB as a safe photosensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has received attention. Recent findings demonstrate that photoactivated MB exhibits not only anticancer activity but also antibacterial activity both in vitro and <i>in vivo</i>. However, due to the hydrophilic nature of MB, it is difficult to create MB-embedded nano- or microparticles capable of increasing the clinical efficacy of the PDT. This review aims to summarize fabrication techniques for MB-embedded nano and microparticles and to provide both in vitro and in vivo examples of MB-mediated PDT, thereby offering a future perspective on improving this promising clinical treatment modality. We also address examples of MB-mediated PDT in both cancer and infection treatments. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies are summarized here to document recent trends in utilizing MB as an effective photosensitizer in PDT. Lastly, we discuss how developing efficient MB-carrying nano- and microparticle platforms would be able to increase the benefits of PDT.
format	article
author	Dong-Jin Lim
author_facet	Dong-Jin Lim
author_sort	Dong-Jin Lim
title	Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
title_short	Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
title_full	Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
title_fullStr	Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
title_full_unstemmed	Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
title_sort	methylene blue-based nano and microparticles: fabrication and applications in photodynamic therapy
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/19864dddca5c4a74af1c245e8c7b62c1
work_keys_str_mv	AT dongjinlim methylenebluebasednanoandmicroparticlesfabricationandapplicationsinphotodynamictherapy
_version_	1718410634564993024

Methylene Blue-Based Nano and Microparticles: Fabrication and Applications in Photodynamic Therapy

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