Small-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence

The Permian Coconino Sandstone of northern Arizona contains numerous small-scale, soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs). These novel structures may be indicators of paleoenvironment or sedimentary processes. These SSD are generally shallow and occur on the surfaces of cross-beds, in contrast...

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Autores principales:	Leonard Brand, Sarah Maithel
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2021
Materias:	soft-sediment deformation permian cross-bedded sandstone coconino sandstone earthquake Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/19d2a4ad61f546568f60968a0236bf3a
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id	oai:doaj.org-article:19d2a4ad61f546568f60968a0236bf3a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:19d2a4ad61f546568f60968a0236bf3a2021-11-19T07:11:48ZSmall-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence2296-646310.3389/feart.2021.723495https://doaj.org/article/19d2a4ad61f546568f60968a0236bf3a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.723495/fullhttps://doaj.org/toc/2296-6463The Permian Coconino Sandstone of northern Arizona contains numerous small-scale, soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs). These novel structures may be indicators of paleoenvironment or sedimentary processes. These SSD are generally shallow and occur on the surfaces of cross-beds, in contrast to convoluted bedding up to tens of meters thick commonly observed in some other eolian sandstones. These differences in structures imply differences in the processes that formed the Coconino Sandstone, or differences in the underlying depositional conditions. These SSDSs occur in outcrops at the Grand Canyon, and farther south in quarries near the towns of Seligman and Ash Fork. Size, orientation, structure, sedimentary context, clay content, and porosity of the structures are described. The SSDSs occur as small folds and ridges on the paleo lee side of otherwise undisturbed cross-beds. Some are associated with small rotated sandstone blocks within the cross-beds. The structures are exposed on bedding plane surfaces and in cross-section on vertical quarry walls. A few SSDSs up to a meter thick also occur in the Coconino Sandstone, but the others are only up to a few cm thick, 2–10 cm wide, and 20 cm to 10 m long. Evidence is presented that liquidization (as fluidization or liquefaction) may have been involved in producing these features, implying a high water content in scattered locations at time of deformation, but this process also requires some stressor to trigger the deformation. Seismic events may provide a triggering mechanism. The Coconino Sandstone SSDSs represent unusual or previously overlooked small-scale features related to individual foreset surfaces.Leonard BrandSarah MaithelFrontiers Media S.A.articlesoft-sediment deformationpermiancross-bedded sandstonecoconino sandstoneearthquakeScienceQENFrontiers in Earth Science, Vol 9 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	soft-sediment deformation permian cross-bedded sandstone coconino sandstone earthquake Science Q
spellingShingle	soft-sediment deformation permian cross-bedded sandstone coconino sandstone earthquake Science Q Leonard Brand Sarah Maithel Small-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence
description	The Permian Coconino Sandstone of northern Arizona contains numerous small-scale, soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDSs). These novel structures may be indicators of paleoenvironment or sedimentary processes. These SSD are generally shallow and occur on the surfaces of cross-beds, in contrast to convoluted bedding up to tens of meters thick commonly observed in some other eolian sandstones. These differences in structures imply differences in the processes that formed the Coconino Sandstone, or differences in the underlying depositional conditions. These SSDSs occur in outcrops at the Grand Canyon, and farther south in quarries near the towns of Seligman and Ash Fork. Size, orientation, structure, sedimentary context, clay content, and porosity of the structures are described. The SSDSs occur as small folds and ridges on the paleo lee side of otherwise undisturbed cross-beds. Some are associated with small rotated sandstone blocks within the cross-beds. The structures are exposed on bedding plane surfaces and in cross-section on vertical quarry walls. A few SSDSs up to a meter thick also occur in the Coconino Sandstone, but the others are only up to a few cm thick, 2–10 cm wide, and 20 cm to 10 m long. Evidence is presented that liquidization (as fluidization or liquefaction) may have been involved in producing these features, implying a high water content in scattered locations at time of deformation, but this process also requires some stressor to trigger the deformation. Seismic events may provide a triggering mechanism. The Coconino Sandstone SSDSs represent unusual or previously overlooked small-scale features related to individual foreset surfaces.
format	article
author	Leonard Brand Sarah Maithel
author_facet	Leonard Brand Sarah Maithel
author_sort	Leonard Brand
title	Small-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence
title_short	Small-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence
title_full	Small-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence
title_fullStr	Small-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence
title_full_unstemmed	Small-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence
title_sort	small-scale soft-sediment deformation structures in the cross-bedded coconino sandstone (permian; arizona, united states); possible evidence for seismic influence
publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/19d2a4ad61f546568f60968a0236bf3a
work_keys_str_mv	AT leonardbrand smallscalesoftsedimentdeformationstructuresinthecrossbeddedcoconinosandstonepermianarizonaunitedstatespossibleevidenceforseismicinfluence AT sarahmaithel smallscalesoftsedimentdeformationstructuresinthecrossbeddedcoconinosandstonepermianarizonaunitedstatespossibleevidenceforseismicinfluence
_version_	1718420297793667072

Small-Scale Soft-Sediment Deformation Structures in the Cross-Bedded Coconino Sandstone (Permian; Arizona, United States); Possible Evidence for Seismic Influence

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