Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention

Background: A large-scale online study completed by this research team found that brief psychological interventions were associated with high-intensity pleasant emotions and predicted performance. The present study extends this work using data from participants (<i>n</i> = 3376) who comp...

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Autores principales:	Andrew M. Lane, Chris J. Beedie, Tracey J. Devonport, Andrew P. Friesen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	self-regulation beliefs intervention performance motivation emotion Sports GV557-1198.995
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1a3cd061bd0649de9ad96d6103f87c59
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1a3cd061bd0649de9ad96d6103f87c592021-11-25T19:00:07ZConsiderations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention10.3390/sports91101562075-4663https://doaj.org/article/1a3cd061bd0649de9ad96d6103f87c592021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2075-4663/9/11/156https://doaj.org/toc/2075-4663Background: A large-scale online study completed by this research team found that brief psychological interventions were associated with high-intensity pleasant emotions and predicted performance. The present study extends this work using data from participants (<i>n</i> = 3376) who completed all self-report data and engaged in a performance task but who did not engage with an intervention or control condition and therefore present as an opportunistic no-treatment group. Methods: 41,720 participants were selected from the process and outcome focus goals intervention groups, which were the successful interventions (<i>n</i> = 30,096), active-control (<i>n</i> = 3039), and no-treatment (<i>n</i> = 8585). Participants completed a competitive task four times: first as practice, second to establish a baseline, third following an opportunity to complete a brief psychological skills intervention, and lastly following an opportunity to repeat the intervention. Repeated measures MANOVA indicated that over four performance rounds, the intensity of positive emotions increased, performance improved, and the amount of effort participants exerted increased; however, these increases were significantly smaller in the no-treatment group. Conclusions: Findings suggest that not engaging in active training conditions had negative effects. We suggest that these findings have implications for the development and deployment of online interventions.Andrew M. LaneChris J. BeedieTracey J. DevonportAndrew P. FriesenMDPI AGarticleself-regulationbeliefsinterventionperformancemotivationemotionSportsGV557-1198.995ENSports, Vol 9, Iss 156, p 156 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	self-regulation beliefs intervention performance motivation emotion Sports GV557-1198.995
spellingShingle	self-regulation beliefs intervention performance motivation emotion Sports GV557-1198.995 Andrew M. Lane Chris J. Beedie Tracey J. Devonport Andrew P. Friesen Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention
description	Background: A large-scale online study completed by this research team found that brief psychological interventions were associated with high-intensity pleasant emotions and predicted performance. The present study extends this work using data from participants (<i>n</i> = 3376) who completed all self-report data and engaged in a performance task but who did not engage with an intervention or control condition and therefore present as an opportunistic no-treatment group. Methods: 41,720 participants were selected from the process and outcome focus goals intervention groups, which were the successful interventions (<i>n</i> = 30,096), active-control (<i>n</i> = 3039), and no-treatment (<i>n</i> = 8585). Participants completed a competitive task four times: first as practice, second to establish a baseline, third following an opportunity to complete a brief psychological skills intervention, and lastly following an opportunity to repeat the intervention. Repeated measures MANOVA indicated that over four performance rounds, the intensity of positive emotions increased, performance improved, and the amount of effort participants exerted increased; however, these increases were significantly smaller in the no-treatment group. Conclusions: Findings suggest that not engaging in active training conditions had negative effects. We suggest that these findings have implications for the development and deployment of online interventions.
format	article
author	Andrew M. Lane Chris J. Beedie Tracey J. Devonport Andrew P. Friesen
author_facet	Andrew M. Lane Chris J. Beedie Tracey J. Devonport Andrew P. Friesen
author_sort	Andrew M. Lane
title	Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention
title_short	Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention
title_full	Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention
title_fullStr	Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention
title_full_unstemmed	Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention
title_sort	considerations of control groups: comparing active-control with no treatment for examining the effects of brief intervention
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1a3cd061bd0649de9ad96d6103f87c59
work_keys_str_mv	AT andrewmlane considerationsofcontrolgroupscomparingactivecontrolwithnotreatmentforexaminingtheeffectsofbriefintervention AT chrisjbeedie considerationsofcontrolgroupscomparingactivecontrolwithnotreatmentforexaminingtheeffectsofbriefintervention AT traceyjdevonport considerationsofcontrolgroupscomparingactivecontrolwithnotreatmentforexaminingtheeffectsofbriefintervention AT andrewpfriesen considerationsofcontrolgroupscomparingactivecontrolwithnotreatmentforexaminingtheeffectsofbriefintervention
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Considerations of Control Groups: Comparing Active-Control with No Treatment for Examining the Effects of Brief Intervention

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