Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense

Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that acts as the darkness hormone, translating environmental lighting to the whole body, and as a moderator of innate and acquired defense, migration, and cell proliferation processes. This review evaluates the importance o...

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Autores principales:	Regina P. Markus, Kassiano S. Sousa, Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado, Pedro A. Fernandes, Zulma S. Ferreira
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	immune–pineal axis first-line defense resident macrophages Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1a9870948f9a4b98a014a5e89b89154a
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1a9870948f9a4b98a014a5e89b89154a2021-11-25T17:53:46ZPossible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense10.3390/ijms2222121431422-00671661-6596https://doaj.org/article/1a9870948f9a4b98a014a5e89b89154a2021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12143https://doaj.org/toc/1661-6596https://doaj.org/toc/1422-0067Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that acts as the darkness hormone, translating environmental lighting to the whole body, and as a moderator of innate and acquired defense, migration, and cell proliferation processes. This review evaluates the importance of pineal activity in monitoring PAMPs and DAMPs and in mounting an inflammatory response or innate immune response. Activation of the immune–pineal axis, which coordinates the pro-and anti-inflammatory phases of an innate immune response, is described. PAMPs and DAMPs promote the immediate suppression of melatonin production by the pineal gland, which allows leukocyte migration. Monocyte-derived macrophages, important phagocytes of microbes, and cellular debris produce melatonin locally and thereby initiate the anti-inflammatory phase of the acute inflammatory response. The role of locally produced melatonin in organs that directly contact the external environment, such as the skin and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is also discussed. In this context, as resident macrophages are self-renewing cells, we explore evidence indicating that, besides avoiding overreaction of the immune system, extra-pineal melatonin has a fundamental role in the homeostasis of organs and tissues.Regina P. MarkusKassiano S. SousaSanseray da Silveira Cruz-MachadoPedro A. FernandesZulma S. FerreiraMDPI AGarticleimmune–pineal axisfirst-line defenseresident macrophagesBiology (General)QH301-705.5ChemistryQD1-999ENInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 12143, p 12143 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	immune–pineal axis first-line defense resident macrophages Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	immune–pineal axis first-line defense resident macrophages Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Chemistry QD1-999 Regina P. Markus Kassiano S. Sousa Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado Pedro A. Fernandes Zulma S. Ferreira Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense
description	Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes that acts as the darkness hormone, translating environmental lighting to the whole body, and as a moderator of innate and acquired defense, migration, and cell proliferation processes. This review evaluates the importance of pineal activity in monitoring PAMPs and DAMPs and in mounting an inflammatory response or innate immune response. Activation of the immune–pineal axis, which coordinates the pro-and anti-inflammatory phases of an innate immune response, is described. PAMPs and DAMPs promote the immediate suppression of melatonin production by the pineal gland, which allows leukocyte migration. Monocyte-derived macrophages, important phagocytes of microbes, and cellular debris produce melatonin locally and thereby initiate the anti-inflammatory phase of the acute inflammatory response. The role of locally produced melatonin in organs that directly contact the external environment, such as the skin and the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is also discussed. In this context, as resident macrophages are self-renewing cells, we explore evidence indicating that, besides avoiding overreaction of the immune system, extra-pineal melatonin has a fundamental role in the homeostasis of organs and tissues.
format	article
author	Regina P. Markus Kassiano S. Sousa Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado Pedro A. Fernandes Zulma S. Ferreira
author_facet	Regina P. Markus Kassiano S. Sousa Sanseray da Silveira Cruz-Machado Pedro A. Fernandes Zulma S. Ferreira
author_sort	Regina P. Markus
title	Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense
title_short	Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense
title_full	Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense
title_fullStr	Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense
title_full_unstemmed	Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense
title_sort	possible role of pineal and extra-pineal melatonin in surveillance, immunity, and first-line defense
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1a9870948f9a4b98a014a5e89b89154a
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Possible Role of Pineal and Extra-Pineal Melatonin in Surveillance, Immunity, and First-Line Defense

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