Model-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete

Metakaolin is reactive and is widely used in the modern concrete industry. This study presents an integrated strength–sustainability evaluation framework, which we employed in the context of metakaolin content in concrete. First, a composite hydration model was employed to calculate reactivity of me...

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Autores principales:	Ki-Bong Park, Run-Sheng Lin, Yi Han, Xiao-Yong Wang
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	metakaolin sustainability strength model CO<sub>2</sub> energy Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1ac87206adba4257b246e68b6e692847
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1ac87206adba4257b246e68b6e6928472021-11-25T16:35:47ZModel-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete10.3390/app1122107042076-3417https://doaj.org/article/1ac87206adba4257b246e68b6e6928472021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/22/10704https://doaj.org/toc/2076-3417Metakaolin is reactive and is widely used in the modern concrete industry. This study presents an integrated strength–sustainability evaluation framework, which we employed in the context of metakaolin content in concrete. First, a composite hydration model was employed to calculate reactivity of metakaolin and cement. Furthermore, a hydration-based linear equation was designed to evaluate the compressive strength development of metakaolin composite concrete. The coefficients of the strength evaluation model are constants for different mixtures and ages. Second, the sustainability factors—CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, resource consumption, and energy consumption—were determined based on concrete mixtures. Moreover, the sustainability factors normalized for unit strength were obtained based on the ratios of total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, energy consumption, and resource consumption to concrete strength. The results of our analysis showed the following: (1) As the metakaolin content increased, the normalized CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and resource consumption decreased, and the normalized energy first decreased and then slightly increased. (2) As the concrete aged from 28 days to three months, the normalized CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, resource consumption, and energy consumption decreased. (3) As the water/binder ratio decreased, the normalized CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, resource consumption, and energy consumption decreased. Summarily, the proposed integrated strength–sustainability evaluation framework is useful for finding greener metakaolin composite concrete.Ki-Bong ParkRun-Sheng LinYi HanXiao-Yong WangMDPI AGarticlemetakaolinsustainabilitystrengthmodelCO<sub>2</sub>energyTechnologyTEngineering (General). Civil engineering (General)TA1-2040Biology (General)QH301-705.5PhysicsQC1-999ChemistryQD1-999ENApplied Sciences, Vol 11, Iss 10704, p 10704 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	metakaolin sustainability strength model CO<sub>2</sub> energy Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999
spellingShingle	metakaolin sustainability strength model CO<sub>2</sub> energy Technology T Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) TA1-2040 Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Physics QC1-999 Chemistry QD1-999 Ki-Bong Park Run-Sheng Lin Yi Han Xiao-Yong Wang Model-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete
description	Metakaolin is reactive and is widely used in the modern concrete industry. This study presents an integrated strength–sustainability evaluation framework, which we employed in the context of metakaolin content in concrete. First, a composite hydration model was employed to calculate reactivity of metakaolin and cement. Furthermore, a hydration-based linear equation was designed to evaluate the compressive strength development of metakaolin composite concrete. The coefficients of the strength evaluation model are constants for different mixtures and ages. Second, the sustainability factors—CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, resource consumption, and energy consumption—were determined based on concrete mixtures. Moreover, the sustainability factors normalized for unit strength were obtained based on the ratios of total CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, energy consumption, and resource consumption to concrete strength. The results of our analysis showed the following: (1) As the metakaolin content increased, the normalized CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and resource consumption decreased, and the normalized energy first decreased and then slightly increased. (2) As the concrete aged from 28 days to three months, the normalized CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, resource consumption, and energy consumption decreased. (3) As the water/binder ratio decreased, the normalized CO<sub>2</sub> emissions, resource consumption, and energy consumption decreased. Summarily, the proposed integrated strength–sustainability evaluation framework is useful for finding greener metakaolin composite concrete.
format	article
author	Ki-Bong Park Run-Sheng Lin Yi Han Xiao-Yong Wang
author_facet	Ki-Bong Park Run-Sheng Lin Yi Han Xiao-Yong Wang
author_sort	Ki-Bong Park
title	Model-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete
title_short	Model-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete
title_full	Model-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete
title_fullStr	Model-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete
title_full_unstemmed	Model-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete
title_sort	model-based methods to produce greener metakaolin composite concrete
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1ac87206adba4257b246e68b6e692847
work_keys_str_mv	AT kibongpark modelbasedmethodstoproducegreenermetakaolincompositeconcrete AT runshenglin modelbasedmethodstoproducegreenermetakaolincompositeconcrete AT yihan modelbasedmethodstoproducegreenermetakaolincompositeconcrete AT xiaoyongwang modelbasedmethodstoproducegreenermetakaolincompositeconcrete
_version_	1718413064503558144

Model-Based Methods to Produce Greener Metakaolin Composite Concrete

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