Systems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle

ABSTRACT Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled parasites of medical and veterinary importance including Eimeria, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma. Unlike Eimeria, a single-host enteric pathogen, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma are two-host parasites tha...

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Autores principales:	Tomasz Blazejewski, Nirvana Nursimulu, Viviana Pszenny, Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam, Sivaranjani Namasivayam, Melissa A. Chiasson, Kyle Chessman, Michelle Tonkin, Lakshmipuram S. Swapna, Stacy S. Hung, Joshua Bridgers, Stacy M. Ricklefs, Martin J. Boulanger, Jitender P. Dubey, Stephen F. Porcella, Jessica C. Kissinger, Daniel K. Howe, Michael E. Grigg, John Parkinson
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2015
Materias:	Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1b21fff66b5144da8b40c3091910cd88
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1b21fff66b5144da8b40c3091910cd882021-11-15T15:41:19ZSystems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle10.1128/mBio.02445-142150-7511https://doaj.org/article/1b21fff66b5144da8b40c3091910cd882015-02-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.02445-14https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled parasites of medical and veterinary importance including Eimeria, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma. Unlike Eimeria, a single-host enteric pathogen, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma are two-host parasites that infect and produce infectious tissue cysts in a wide range of intermediate hosts. As a genus, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful protozoan parasites; all vertebrates, including birds, reptiles, fish, and mammals are hosts to at least one Sarcocystis species. Here we sequenced Sarcocystis neurona, the causal agent of fatal equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The S. neurona genome is 127 Mbp, more than twice the size of other sequenced coccidian genomes. Comparative analyses identified conservation of the invasion machinery among the coccidia. However, many dense-granule and rhoptry kinase genes, responsible for altering host effector pathways in Toxoplasma and Neospora, are absent from S. neurona. Further, S. neurona has a divergent repertoire of SRS proteins, previously implicated in tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma. Systems-based analyses identified a series of metabolic innovations, including the ability to exploit alternative sources of energy. Finally, we present an S. neurona model detailing conserved molecular innovations that promote the transition from a purely enteric lifestyle (Eimeria) to a heteroxenous parasite capable of infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts. IMPORTANCE Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled apicomplexan parasites responsible for major economic and health care burdens worldwide. A cousin of Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Theileria, and Eimeria, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful parasite genera; it is capable of infecting all vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals—including humans). The past decade has witnessed an increasing number of human outbreaks of clinical significance associated with acute sarcocystosis. Among Sarcocystis species, S. neurona has a wide host range and causes fatal encephalitis in horses, marine mammals, and several other mammals. To provide insights into the transition from a purely enteric parasite (e.g., Eimeria) to one that forms tissue cysts (Toxoplasma), we present the first genome sequence of S. neurona. Comparisons with other coccidian genomes highlight the molecular innovations that drive its distinct life cycle strategies.Tomasz BlazejewskiNirvana NursimuluViviana PszennySriveny DangoudoubiyamSivaranjani NamasivayamMelissa A. ChiassonKyle ChessmanMichelle TonkinLakshmipuram S. SwapnaStacy S. HungJoshua BridgersStacy M. RicklefsMartin J. BoulangerJitender P. DubeyStephen F. PorcellaJessica C. KissingerDaniel K. HoweMichael E. GriggJohn ParkinsonAmerican Society for MicrobiologyarticleMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 6, Iss 1 (2015)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	Microbiology QR1-502 Tomasz Blazejewski Nirvana Nursimulu Viviana Pszenny Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam Sivaranjani Namasivayam Melissa A. Chiasson Kyle Chessman Michelle Tonkin Lakshmipuram S. Swapna Stacy S. Hung Joshua Bridgers Stacy M. Ricklefs Martin J. Boulanger Jitender P. Dubey Stephen F. Porcella Jessica C. Kissinger Daniel K. Howe Michael E. Grigg John Parkinson Systems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle
description	ABSTRACT Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled parasites of medical and veterinary importance including Eimeria, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma. Unlike Eimeria, a single-host enteric pathogen, Sarcocystis, Neospora, and Toxoplasma are two-host parasites that infect and produce infectious tissue cysts in a wide range of intermediate hosts. As a genus, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful protozoan parasites; all vertebrates, including birds, reptiles, fish, and mammals are hosts to at least one Sarcocystis species. Here we sequenced Sarcocystis neurona, the causal agent of fatal equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. The S. neurona genome is 127 Mbp, more than twice the size of other sequenced coccidian genomes. Comparative analyses identified conservation of the invasion machinery among the coccidia. However, many dense-granule and rhoptry kinase genes, responsible for altering host effector pathways in Toxoplasma and Neospora, are absent from S. neurona. Further, S. neurona has a divergent repertoire of SRS proteins, previously implicated in tissue cyst formation in Toxoplasma. Systems-based analyses identified a series of metabolic innovations, including the ability to exploit alternative sources of energy. Finally, we present an S. neurona model detailing conserved molecular innovations that promote the transition from a purely enteric lifestyle (Eimeria) to a heteroxenous parasite capable of infecting a wide range of intermediate hosts. IMPORTANCE Sarcocystis neurona is a member of the coccidia, a clade of single-celled apicomplexan parasites responsible for major economic and health care burdens worldwide. A cousin of Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, Theileria, and Eimeria, Sarcocystis is one of the most successful parasite genera; it is capable of infecting all vertebrates (fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals—including humans). The past decade has witnessed an increasing number of human outbreaks of clinical significance associated with acute sarcocystosis. Among Sarcocystis species, S. neurona has a wide host range and causes fatal encephalitis in horses, marine mammals, and several other mammals. To provide insights into the transition from a purely enteric parasite (e.g., Eimeria) to one that forms tissue cysts (Toxoplasma), we present the first genome sequence of S. neurona. Comparisons with other coccidian genomes highlight the molecular innovations that drive its distinct life cycle strategies.
format	article
author	Tomasz Blazejewski Nirvana Nursimulu Viviana Pszenny Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam Sivaranjani Namasivayam Melissa A. Chiasson Kyle Chessman Michelle Tonkin Lakshmipuram S. Swapna Stacy S. Hung Joshua Bridgers Stacy M. Ricklefs Martin J. Boulanger Jitender P. Dubey Stephen F. Porcella Jessica C. Kissinger Daniel K. Howe Michael E. Grigg John Parkinson
author_facet	Tomasz Blazejewski Nirvana Nursimulu Viviana Pszenny Sriveny Dangoudoubiyam Sivaranjani Namasivayam Melissa A. Chiasson Kyle Chessman Michelle Tonkin Lakshmipuram S. Swapna Stacy S. Hung Joshua Bridgers Stacy M. Ricklefs Martin J. Boulanger Jitender P. Dubey Stephen F. Porcella Jessica C. Kissinger Daniel K. Howe Michael E. Grigg John Parkinson
author_sort	Tomasz Blazejewski
title	Systems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle
title_short	Systems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle
title_full	Systems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle
title_fullStr	Systems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle
title_full_unstemmed	Systems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle
title_sort	systems-based analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">sarcocystis neurona</italic> genome identifies pathways that contribute to a heteroxenous life cycle
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2015
url	https://doaj.org/article/1b21fff66b5144da8b40c3091910cd88
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Systems-Based Analysis of the <italic toggle="yes">Sarcocystis neurona</italic> Genome Identifies Pathways That Contribute to a Heteroxenous Life Cycle

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