Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation

Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and P...

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Autores principales:	Roberta Lattanzi, Rossella Miele
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	neuroinflammation prokineticins GPCR blood–brain barrier Biology (General) QH301-705.5
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1b32658159f3460fa35bad295062a2a6
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1b32658159f3460fa35bad295062a2a62021-11-25T16:50:08ZVersatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation10.3390/biomedicines91116482227-9059https://doaj.org/article/1b32658159f3460fa35bad295062a2a62021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/11/1648https://doaj.org/toc/2227-9059Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction. PKR2 is mainly overexpressed in neurons, whereas PKR1 and PK2 are mainly overexpressed in astrocytes. Once PK2 is released in inflamed tissue, it is involved in both innate and adaptive responses: it triggers macrophage recruitment, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it modulates the function of T cells through the activation of PKR1 and directs them towards a pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype. Since the prokineticin system appears to be upregulated following a series of pathological insults leading to neuroinflammation, we will focus here on the involvement of PK2 and PKRs in those pathologies that have a strong underlying inflammatory component, such as: inflammatory and neuropathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal inflammation.Roberta LattanziRossella MieleMDPI AGarticleneuroinflammationprokineticinsGPCRblood–brain barrierBiology (General)QH301-705.5ENBiomedicines, Vol 9, Iss 1648, p 1648 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	neuroinflammation prokineticins GPCR blood–brain barrier Biology (General) QH301-705.5
spellingShingle	neuroinflammation prokineticins GPCR blood–brain barrier Biology (General) QH301-705.5 Roberta Lattanzi Rossella Miele Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation
description	Prokineticins are a new class of chemokine-like peptides involved in a wide range of biological and pathological activities. In particular, prokineticin 2 (PK2), prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) and prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2) play a central role in modulating neuroinflammatory processes. PK2 and PKRs, which are physiologically expressed at very low levels, are strongly upregulated during inflammation and regulate neuronal-glial interaction. PKR2 is mainly overexpressed in neurons, whereas PKR1 and PK2 are mainly overexpressed in astrocytes. Once PK2 is released in inflamed tissue, it is involved in both innate and adaptive responses: it triggers macrophage recruitment, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, it modulates the function of T cells through the activation of PKR1 and directs them towards a pro-inflammatory Th1 phenotype. Since the prokineticin system appears to be upregulated following a series of pathological insults leading to neuroinflammation, we will focus here on the involvement of PK2 and PKRs in those pathologies that have a strong underlying inflammatory component, such as: inflammatory and neuropathic pain, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, obesity, diabetes, and gastrointestinal inflammation.
format	article
author	Roberta Lattanzi Rossella Miele
author_facet	Roberta Lattanzi Rossella Miele
author_sort	Roberta Lattanzi
title	Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation
title_short	Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation
title_full	Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation
title_fullStr	Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation
title_full_unstemmed	Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation
title_sort	versatile role of prokineticins and prokineticin receptors in neuroinflammation
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1b32658159f3460fa35bad295062a2a6
work_keys_str_mv	AT robertalattanzi versatileroleofprokineticinsandprokineticinreceptorsinneuroinflammation AT rossellamiele versatileroleofprokineticinsandprokineticinreceptorsinneuroinflammation
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Versatile Role of Prokineticins and Prokineticin Receptors in Neuroinflammation

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