Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability

Bacterial communities are often exposed to temporal variations in resource availability, which exceed bacterial generation times and thereby affect bacterial coexistence. Bacterial population dynamics are also shaped by bacteriophages, which are a main cause of bacterial mortality. Several strategie...

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Autores principales:	Esther Voigt, Björn C. Rall, Antonis Chatzinotas, Ulrich Brose, Benjamin Rosenbaum
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	PeerJ Inc. 2021
Materias:	Bacteria phage interactions Virus Temperate phages Population dynamics Biodiversity Microbial ecology Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1b3637c4c546430ab4e548277ec03614
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1b3637c4c546430ab4e548277ec036142021-11-06T15:05:11ZPhage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability10.7717/peerj.121942167-8359https://doaj.org/article/1b3637c4c546430ab4e548277ec036142021-11-01T00:00:00Zhttps://peerj.com/articles/12194.pdfhttps://peerj.com/articles/12194/https://doaj.org/toc/2167-8359Bacterial communities are often exposed to temporal variations in resource availability, which exceed bacterial generation times and thereby affect bacterial coexistence. Bacterial population dynamics are also shaped by bacteriophages, which are a main cause of bacterial mortality. Several strategies are proposed in the literature to describe infections by phages, such as “Killing the Winner”, “Piggyback the loser” (PtL) or “Piggyback the Winner” (PtW). The two temperate phage strategies PtL and PtW are defined by a change from lytic to lysogenic infection when the host density changes, from high to low or from low to high, respectively. To date, the occurrence of different phage strategies and their response to environmental variability is poorly understood. In our study, we developed a microbial trophic network model using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and performed ‘in silico’ experiments. To model the switch from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle, we modified the lysis rate of infected bacteria and their growth was turned on or off using a density-dependent switching point. We addressed whether and how the different phage strategies facilitate bacteria coexistence competing for limiting resources. We also studied the impact of a fluctuating resource inflow to evaluate the response of the different phage strategies to environmental variability. Our results show that the viral shunt (i.e. nutrient release after bacterial lysis) leads to an enrichment of the system. This enrichment enables bacterial coexistence at lower resource concentrations. We were able to show that an established, purely lytic model leads to stable bacterial coexistence despite fluctuating resources. Both temperate phage models differ in their coexistence patterns. The model of PtW yields stable bacterial coexistence at a limited range of resource supply and is most sensitive to resource fluctuations. Interestingly, the purely lytic phage strategy and PtW both result in stable bacteria coexistence at oligotrophic conditions. The PtL model facilitates stable bacterial coexistence over a large range of stable and fluctuating resource inflow. An increase in bacterial growth rate results in a higher resilience to resource variability for the PtL and the lytic infection model. We propose that both temperate phage strategies represent different mechanisms of phages coping with environmental variability. Our study demonstrates how phage strategies can maintain bacterial coexistence in constant and fluctuating environments.Esther VoigtBjörn C. RallAntonis ChatzinotasUlrich BroseBenjamin RosenbaumPeerJ Inc.articleBacteria phage interactionsVirusTemperate phagesPopulation dynamicsBiodiversityMicrobial ecologyMedicineRENPeerJ, Vol 9, p e12194 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Bacteria phage interactions Virus Temperate phages Population dynamics Biodiversity Microbial ecology Medicine R
spellingShingle	Bacteria phage interactions Virus Temperate phages Population dynamics Biodiversity Microbial ecology Medicine R Esther Voigt Björn C. Rall Antonis Chatzinotas Ulrich Brose Benjamin Rosenbaum Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability
description	Bacterial communities are often exposed to temporal variations in resource availability, which exceed bacterial generation times and thereby affect bacterial coexistence. Bacterial population dynamics are also shaped by bacteriophages, which are a main cause of bacterial mortality. Several strategies are proposed in the literature to describe infections by phages, such as “Killing the Winner”, “Piggyback the loser” (PtL) or “Piggyback the Winner” (PtW). The two temperate phage strategies PtL and PtW are defined by a change from lytic to lysogenic infection when the host density changes, from high to low or from low to high, respectively. To date, the occurrence of different phage strategies and their response to environmental variability is poorly understood. In our study, we developed a microbial trophic network model using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and performed ‘in silico’ experiments. To model the switch from the lysogenic to the lytic cycle, we modified the lysis rate of infected bacteria and their growth was turned on or off using a density-dependent switching point. We addressed whether and how the different phage strategies facilitate bacteria coexistence competing for limiting resources. We also studied the impact of a fluctuating resource inflow to evaluate the response of the different phage strategies to environmental variability. Our results show that the viral shunt (i.e. nutrient release after bacterial lysis) leads to an enrichment of the system. This enrichment enables bacterial coexistence at lower resource concentrations. We were able to show that an established, purely lytic model leads to stable bacterial coexistence despite fluctuating resources. Both temperate phage models differ in their coexistence patterns. The model of PtW yields stable bacterial coexistence at a limited range of resource supply and is most sensitive to resource fluctuations. Interestingly, the purely lytic phage strategy and PtW both result in stable bacteria coexistence at oligotrophic conditions. The PtL model facilitates stable bacterial coexistence over a large range of stable and fluctuating resource inflow. An increase in bacterial growth rate results in a higher resilience to resource variability for the PtL and the lytic infection model. We propose that both temperate phage strategies represent different mechanisms of phages coping with environmental variability. Our study demonstrates how phage strategies can maintain bacterial coexistence in constant and fluctuating environments.
format	article
author	Esther Voigt Björn C. Rall Antonis Chatzinotas Ulrich Brose Benjamin Rosenbaum
author_facet	Esther Voigt Björn C. Rall Antonis Chatzinotas Ulrich Brose Benjamin Rosenbaum
author_sort	Esther Voigt
title	Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability
title_short	Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability
title_full	Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability
title_fullStr	Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability
title_full_unstemmed	Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability
title_sort	phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability
publisher	PeerJ Inc.
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1b3637c4c546430ab4e548277ec03614
work_keys_str_mv	AT esthervoigt phagestrategiesfacilitatebacterialcoexistenceunderenvironmentalvariability AT bjorncrall phagestrategiesfacilitatebacterialcoexistenceunderenvironmentalvariability AT antonischatzinotas phagestrategiesfacilitatebacterialcoexistenceunderenvironmentalvariability AT ulrichbrose phagestrategiesfacilitatebacterialcoexistenceunderenvironmentalvariability AT benjaminrosenbaum phagestrategiesfacilitatebacterialcoexistenceunderenvironmentalvariability
_version_	1718443655889420288

Phage strategies facilitate bacterial coexistence under environmental variability

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