Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

<i>Background and Objectives:</i> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and a history of exposure to noxious stimuli. Cigarette smoking is the most important causal factor for developing COPD. Cadmium, a minor metallic element, is...

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Autores principales:	Li-Chung Chiu, Ping-Chih Hsu, Tzung-Hai Yen, Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo, Yueh-Fu Fang, Yu-Lun Lo, Shu-Min Lin, Cheng-Ta Yang, Chung-Shu Lee
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	cadmium chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6-min walk test desaturation Medicine (General) R5-920
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1b6d3576f5f441f3bb57645741371a61
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1b6d3576f5f441f3bb57645741371a612021-11-25T18:18:11ZBlood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease10.3390/medicina571111601648-91441010-660Xhttps://doaj.org/article/1b6d3576f5f441f3bb57645741371a612021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/57/11/1160https://doaj.org/toc/1010-660Xhttps://doaj.org/toc/1648-9144<i>Background and Objectives:</i> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and a history of exposure to noxious stimuli. Cigarette smoking is the most important causal factor for developing COPD. Cadmium, a minor metallic element, is one of the main inorganic components in tobacco smoke. Inhaled cadmium was associated with a decline in lung function, gas exchange impairment, and the development of obstructive lung disease. Patients with COPD who had oxygen desaturation during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) had a significantly worse prognosis than non-desaturation in COPD patients. Nonetheless, few studies have addressed the influence of blood cadmium levels on exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in COPD patients. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of blood cadmium levels on oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT among COPD patients. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> we performed a retrospective analysis of patients with COPD who were examined for blood cadmium levels in a tertiary care referral center in Taiwan, between March 2020 and May 2021. The 6-min walk test was performed. Normal control subjects who had no evidence of COPD were also enrolled. <i>Results:</i> a total of 73 COPD patients were analyzed and stratified into the high-blood cadmium group (13 patients) and low-blood cadmium group (60 patients). A total of 50 normal control subjects without a diagnosis of COPD were enrolled. The high-blood cadmium group had a significantly higher extent of desaturation than the low-blood cadmium group. The frequency of desaturation during 6MWT revealed a stepwise-increasing trend with an increase in blood cadmium levels. A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that blood cadmium levels were independently associated with desaturation during the 6MWT (odds ratio 12.849 [95% CI 1.168–141.329]; <i>p</i> = 0.037). <i>Conclusions:</i> our findings indicate that blood cadmium levels, within the normal range, were significantly associated with desaturation during 6MWT in patients with COPD.Li-Chung ChiuPing-Chih HsuTzung-Hai YenScott Chih-Hsi KuoYueh-Fu FangYu-Lun LoShu-Min LinCheng-Ta YangChung-Shu LeeMDPI AGarticlecadmiumchronic obstructive pulmonary disease6-min walk testdesaturationMedicine (General)R5-920ENMedicina, Vol 57, Iss 1160, p 1160 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	cadmium chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6-min walk test desaturation Medicine (General) R5-920
spellingShingle	cadmium chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6-min walk test desaturation Medicine (General) R5-920 Li-Chung Chiu Ping-Chih Hsu Tzung-Hai Yen Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo Yueh-Fu Fang Yu-Lun Lo Shu-Min Lin Cheng-Ta Yang Chung-Shu Lee Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
description	<i>Background and Objectives:</i> chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and a history of exposure to noxious stimuli. Cigarette smoking is the most important causal factor for developing COPD. Cadmium, a minor metallic element, is one of the main inorganic components in tobacco smoke. Inhaled cadmium was associated with a decline in lung function, gas exchange impairment, and the development of obstructive lung disease. Patients with COPD who had oxygen desaturation during the 6-min walk test (6MWT) had a significantly worse prognosis than non-desaturation in COPD patients. Nonetheless, few studies have addressed the influence of blood cadmium levels on exercise-induced oxygen desaturation in COPD patients. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of blood cadmium levels on oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT among COPD patients. <i>Materials and Methods:</i> we performed a retrospective analysis of patients with COPD who were examined for blood cadmium levels in a tertiary care referral center in Taiwan, between March 2020 and May 2021. The 6-min walk test was performed. Normal control subjects who had no evidence of COPD were also enrolled. <i>Results:</i> a total of 73 COPD patients were analyzed and stratified into the high-blood cadmium group (13 patients) and low-blood cadmium group (60 patients). A total of 50 normal control subjects without a diagnosis of COPD were enrolled. The high-blood cadmium group had a significantly higher extent of desaturation than the low-blood cadmium group. The frequency of desaturation during 6MWT revealed a stepwise-increasing trend with an increase in blood cadmium levels. A multivariable logistic regression model revealed that blood cadmium levels were independently associated with desaturation during the 6MWT (odds ratio 12.849 [95% CI 1.168–141.329]; <i>p</i> = 0.037). <i>Conclusions:</i> our findings indicate that blood cadmium levels, within the normal range, were significantly associated with desaturation during 6MWT in patients with COPD.
format	article
author	Li-Chung Chiu Ping-Chih Hsu Tzung-Hai Yen Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo Yueh-Fu Fang Yu-Lun Lo Shu-Min Lin Cheng-Ta Yang Chung-Shu Lee
author_facet	Li-Chung Chiu Ping-Chih Hsu Tzung-Hai Yen Scott Chih-Hsi Kuo Yueh-Fu Fang Yu-Lun Lo Shu-Min Lin Cheng-Ta Yang Chung-Shu Lee
author_sort	Li-Chung Chiu
title	Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
title_short	Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
title_full	Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
title_fullStr	Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
title_full_unstemmed	Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
title_sort	blood cadmium levels and oxygen desaturation during the 6-minute walk test in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1b6d3576f5f441f3bb57645741371a61
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Blood Cadmium Levels and Oxygen Desaturation during the 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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