Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics
Sneham Tiwari, Venkata Atluri, Ajeet Kaushik, Adriana Yndart, Madhavan NairDepartment of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USAAbstract: Currently, 47 million people live with d...
Guardado en:
| Autores principales: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | article |
| Lenguaje: | EN |
| Publicado: |
Dove Medical Press
2019
|
| Materias: | |
| Acceso en línea: | https://doaj.org/article/1b72cb3da3be4fc29617398ad923244b |
| Etiquetas: |
Agregar Etiqueta
Sin Etiquetas, Sea el primero en etiquetar este registro!
|
| id |
oai:doaj.org-article:1b72cb3da3be4fc29617398ad923244b |
|---|---|
| record_format |
dspace |
| spelling |
oai:doaj.org-article:1b72cb3da3be4fc29617398ad923244b2021-12-02T09:24:58ZAlzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics1178-2013https://doaj.org/article/1b72cb3da3be4fc29617398ad923244b2019-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.dovepress.com/alzheimerrsquos-disease-pathogenesis-diagnostics-and-therapeutics-peer-reviewed-article-IJNhttps://doaj.org/toc/1178-2013Sneham Tiwari, Venkata Atluri, Ajeet Kaushik, Adriana Yndart, Madhavan NairDepartment of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USAAbstract: Currently, 47 million people live with dementia globally, and it is estimated to increase more than threefold (∼131 million) by 2050. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the major causative factors to induce progressive dementia. AD is a neurodegenerative disease, and its pathogenesis has been attributed to extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated τ-protein in cortical and limbic areas of the human brain. It is characterized by memory loss and progressive neurocognitive dysfunction. The anomalous processing of APP by β-secretases and γ-secretases leads to production of Aβ40 and Aβ42 monomers, which further oligomerize and aggregate into senile plaques. The disease also intensifies through infectious agents like HIV. Additionally, during disease pathogenesis, the presence of high concentrations of Aβ peptides in central nervous system initiates microglial infiltration. Upon coming into vicinity of Aβ, microglia get activated, endocytose Aβ, and contribute toward their clearance via TREM2 surface receptors, simultaneously triggering innate immunoresponse against the aggregation. In addition to a detailed report on causative factors leading to AD, the present review also discusses the current state of the art in AD therapeutics and diagnostics, including labeling and imaging techniques employed as contrast agents for better visualization and sensing of the plaques. The review also points to an urgent need for nanotechnology as an efficient therapeutic strategy to increase the bioavailability of drugs in the central nervous system.Keywords: amyloid beta, amyloidogenesis, amyloid precursor proteins, β-secretases, γ-secretases, tau phosphorylationTiwari SAtluri VKaushik AYndart ANair MDove Medical PressarticleAmyloid Beta Amyloidogenesis Amyloid precursor proteins β-secretase gamma-secretase Tau phosphorylationMedicine (General)R5-920ENInternational Journal of Nanomedicine, Vol Volume 14, Pp 5541-5554 (2019) |
| institution |
DOAJ |
| collection |
DOAJ |
| language |
EN |
| topic |
Amyloid Beta Amyloidogenesis Amyloid precursor proteins β-secretase gamma-secretase Tau phosphorylation Medicine (General) R5-920 |
| spellingShingle |
Amyloid Beta Amyloidogenesis Amyloid precursor proteins β-secretase gamma-secretase Tau phosphorylation Medicine (General) R5-920 Tiwari S Atluri V Kaushik A Yndart A Nair M Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics |
| description |
Sneham Tiwari, Venkata Atluri, Ajeet Kaushik, Adriana Yndart, Madhavan NairDepartment of Immunology and Nano-Medicine, Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USAAbstract: Currently, 47 million people live with dementia globally, and it is estimated to increase more than threefold (∼131 million) by 2050. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the major causative factors to induce progressive dementia. AD is a neurodegenerative disease, and its pathogenesis has been attributed to extracellular aggregates of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles made of hyperphosphorylated τ-protein in cortical and limbic areas of the human brain. It is characterized by memory loss and progressive neurocognitive dysfunction. The anomalous processing of APP by β-secretases and γ-secretases leads to production of Aβ40 and Aβ42 monomers, which further oligomerize and aggregate into senile plaques. The disease also intensifies through infectious agents like HIV. Additionally, during disease pathogenesis, the presence of high concentrations of Aβ peptides in central nervous system initiates microglial infiltration. Upon coming into vicinity of Aβ, microglia get activated, endocytose Aβ, and contribute toward their clearance via TREM2 surface receptors, simultaneously triggering innate immunoresponse against the aggregation. In addition to a detailed report on causative factors leading to AD, the present review also discusses the current state of the art in AD therapeutics and diagnostics, including labeling and imaging techniques employed as contrast agents for better visualization and sensing of the plaques. The review also points to an urgent need for nanotechnology as an efficient therapeutic strategy to increase the bioavailability of drugs in the central nervous system.Keywords: amyloid beta, amyloidogenesis, amyloid precursor proteins, β-secretases, γ-secretases, tau phosphorylation |
| format |
article |
| author |
Tiwari S Atluri V Kaushik A Yndart A Nair M |
| author_facet |
Tiwari S Atluri V Kaushik A Yndart A Nair M |
| author_sort |
Tiwari S |
| title |
Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics |
| title_short |
Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics |
| title_full |
Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics |
| title_fullStr |
Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics |
| title_sort |
alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics |
| publisher |
Dove Medical Press |
| publishDate |
2019 |
| url |
https://doaj.org/article/1b72cb3da3be4fc29617398ad923244b |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT tiwaris alzheimerrsquosdiseasepathogenesisdiagnosticsandtherapeutics AT atluriv alzheimerrsquosdiseasepathogenesisdiagnosticsandtherapeutics AT kaushika alzheimerrsquosdiseasepathogenesisdiagnosticsandtherapeutics AT yndarta alzheimerrsquosdiseasepathogenesisdiagnosticsandtherapeutics AT nairm alzheimerrsquosdiseasepathogenesisdiagnosticsandtherapeutics |
| _version_ |
1718398108948234240 |