An Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population

ABSTRACT Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stripe (yellow) rust, is an obligate, biotrophic fungus. It was difficult to study the genetics of the pathogen due to the lack of sexual reproduction. The recent discovery of alternate hosts for P. striiformis f. sp. tritici ma...

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Autores principales:	Chongjing Xia, Yu Lei, Meinan Wang, Wanquan Chen, Xianming Chen
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2020
Materias:	avirulence genetics host-pathogen interaction Puccinia striiformis QTL mapping wheat stripe rust Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1b9adc6a1b534176ac0225b1d85a7538
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1b9adc6a1b534176ac0225b1d85a75382021-11-15T15:30:15ZAn Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population10.1128/mSphere.00128-202379-5042https://doaj.org/article/1b9adc6a1b534176ac0225b1d85a75382020-06-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mSphere.00128-20https://doaj.org/toc/2379-5042ABSTRACT Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stripe (yellow) rust, is an obligate, biotrophic fungus. It was difficult to study the genetics of the pathogen due to the lack of sexual reproduction. The recent discovery of alternate hosts for P. striiformis f. sp. tritici makes it possible to study inheritance and map genes involved in its interaction with plant hosts. To identify avirulence (Avr) genes in P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, we developed a segregating population by selfing isolate 12-368 on barberry (Berberis vulgaris) plants under controlled conditions. The dikaryotic sexual population segregated for avirulent/virulent phenotypes on nine Yr single-gene lines. The parental and progeny isolates were whole-genome sequenced at >30× coverage using Illumina HiSeq PE150 technology. A total of 2,637 high-quality markers were discovered by mapping the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) reads to the reference genome of strain 93-210 and used to construct a genetic map, consisting of 41 linkage groups, spanning 7,715.0 centimorgans (cM) and covering 68 Mb of the reference genome. The recombination rate was estimated to be 1.81 ± 2.32 cM/10 kb. Quantitative trait locus analysis mapped six Avr gene loci to the genetic map, including an Avr cluster harboring four Avr genes, AvYr7, AvYr43, AvYr44, and AvYrExp2. Aligning the genetic map to the reference genome identified Avr candidates and narrowed them to a small genomic region (<200 kb). The discovery of the Avr gene cluster is useful for understanding pathogen evolution, and the identification of candidate genes is an important step toward cloning Avr genes for studying molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions. IMPORTANCE Stripe rust is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the most effective, easy-to-use, economical, and environmentally friendly strategy for the control of the disease. However, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici can produce new virulent races that may circumvent race-specific resistance. Therefore, understanding the genetic basis of the interactions between wheat genes for resistance and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici genes for avirulence is useful for improving cultivar resistance for more effective control of the disease. This study developed a high-quality map that facilitates genomic and genetic studies of important traits related to pathogen pathogenicity and adaptation to different environments and crop cultivars carrying different resistance genes. The information on avirulence/virulence genes identified in this study can be used for guiding breeding programs to select combinations of genes for developing new cultivars with effective resistance to mitigate this devastating disease.Chongjing XiaYu LeiMeinan WangWanquan ChenXianming ChenAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticleavirulencegeneticshost-pathogen interactionPuccinia striiformisQTL mappingwheat stripe rustMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmSphere, Vol 5, Iss 3 (2020)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	avirulence genetics host-pathogen interaction Puccinia striiformis QTL mapping wheat stripe rust Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	avirulence genetics host-pathogen interaction Puccinia striiformis QTL mapping wheat stripe rust Microbiology QR1-502 Chongjing Xia Yu Lei Meinan Wang Wanquan Chen Xianming Chen An Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population
description	ABSTRACT Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the causal agent of wheat stripe (yellow) rust, is an obligate, biotrophic fungus. It was difficult to study the genetics of the pathogen due to the lack of sexual reproduction. The recent discovery of alternate hosts for P. striiformis f. sp. tritici makes it possible to study inheritance and map genes involved in its interaction with plant hosts. To identify avirulence (Avr) genes in P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, we developed a segregating population by selfing isolate 12-368 on barberry (Berberis vulgaris) plants under controlled conditions. The dikaryotic sexual population segregated for avirulent/virulent phenotypes on nine Yr single-gene lines. The parental and progeny isolates were whole-genome sequenced at >30× coverage using Illumina HiSeq PE150 technology. A total of 2,637 high-quality markers were discovered by mapping the whole-genome sequencing (WGS) reads to the reference genome of strain 93-210 and used to construct a genetic map, consisting of 41 linkage groups, spanning 7,715.0 centimorgans (cM) and covering 68 Mb of the reference genome. The recombination rate was estimated to be 1.81 ± 2.32 cM/10 kb. Quantitative trait locus analysis mapped six Avr gene loci to the genetic map, including an Avr cluster harboring four Avr genes, AvYr7, AvYr43, AvYr44, and AvYrExp2. Aligning the genetic map to the reference genome identified Avr candidates and narrowed them to a small genomic region (<200 kb). The discovery of the Avr gene cluster is useful for understanding pathogen evolution, and the identification of candidate genes is an important step toward cloning Avr genes for studying molecular mechanisms of pathogen-host interactions. IMPORTANCE Stripe rust is a destructive disease of wheat worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the most effective, easy-to-use, economical, and environmentally friendly strategy for the control of the disease. However, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici can produce new virulent races that may circumvent race-specific resistance. Therefore, understanding the genetic basis of the interactions between wheat genes for resistance and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici genes for avirulence is useful for improving cultivar resistance for more effective control of the disease. This study developed a high-quality map that facilitates genomic and genetic studies of important traits related to pathogen pathogenicity and adaptation to different environments and crop cultivars carrying different resistance genes. The information on avirulence/virulence genes identified in this study can be used for guiding breeding programs to select combinations of genes for developing new cultivars with effective resistance to mitigate this devastating disease.
format	article
author	Chongjing Xia Yu Lei Meinan Wang Wanquan Chen Xianming Chen
author_facet	Chongjing Xia Yu Lei Meinan Wang Wanquan Chen Xianming Chen
author_sort	Chongjing Xia
title	An Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population
title_short	An Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population
title_full	An Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population
title_fullStr	An Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population
title_full_unstemmed	An Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population
title_sort	avirulence gene cluster in the wheat stripe rust pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) identified through genetic mapping and whole-genome sequencing of a sexual population
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2020
url	https://doaj.org/article/1b9adc6a1b534176ac0225b1d85a7538
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An Avirulence Gene Cluster in the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen (<named-content content-type="genus-species">Puccinia striiformis</named-content> f. sp. <italic toggle="yes">tritici</italic>) Identified through Genetic Mapping and Whole-Genome Sequencing of a Sexual Population

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