Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa

Abstract Siloam’s groundwater is reportedly characterized by high fluoride. In response to the reported high incidence of dental fluorosis in the area, sources of elevated fluoride in the groundwater were investigated. Total fluoride (TF) was determined using Ion Chromatograph and Fluoride Ion Selec...

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Autores principales:	Tobiloba Onipe, Joshua N. Edokpayi, John O. Odiyo
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	Nature Portfolio 2021
Materias:	Medicine R Science Q
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/1b9b2b72fc1647ada4a941db98372a49
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:1b9b2b72fc1647ada4a941db98372a492021-12-02T18:34:14ZGeochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa10.1038/s41598-021-93385-42045-2322https://doaj.org/article/1b9b2b72fc1647ada4a941db98372a492021-07-01T00:00:00Zhttps://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93385-4https://doaj.org/toc/2045-2322Abstract Siloam’s groundwater is reportedly characterized by high fluoride. In response to the reported high incidence of dental fluorosis in the area, sources of elevated fluoride in the groundwater were investigated. Total fluoride (TF) was determined using Ion Chromatograph and Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. The mineral composition of rocks and soils were determined using X-ray Fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Results revealed that groundwater fluoride concentration ranged from 3.92 to 4.95 mg/L. Na-Cl water type was found to be dominant in the water samples. TF content of the rocks and soils ranged from 10 to 2000 mg/L. Leachates were obtained by making a slurry from the samples at a predetermined temperature and time. TF in leachates ranged between 0.27 and 14.88 mg/L and 0.05 to 10.40 mg/L at induced, and non-induced temperatures, respectively. The possible source of fluoride has been previously inferred to be caused by fluorite minerals occurring at greater depth. However, this study proves that fluoride decreases with depth and the elevated fluoride in the groundwater is caused by smectite-kaolinite clay, muscovite and chlorite minerals abundant in the area. Geothermal temperature exhibited by the groundwater in the area is a major factor enhancing the release of fluoride from the clay materials.Tobiloba OnipeJoshua N. EdokpayiJohn O. OdiyoNature PortfolioarticleMedicineRScienceQENScientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-19 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	Medicine R Science Q
spellingShingle	Medicine R Science Q Tobiloba Onipe Joshua N. Edokpayi John O. Odiyo Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa
description	Abstract Siloam’s groundwater is reportedly characterized by high fluoride. In response to the reported high incidence of dental fluorosis in the area, sources of elevated fluoride in the groundwater were investigated. Total fluoride (TF) was determined using Ion Chromatograph and Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. The mineral composition of rocks and soils were determined using X-ray Fluorescence and X-ray diffraction, respectively. Results revealed that groundwater fluoride concentration ranged from 3.92 to 4.95 mg/L. Na-Cl water type was found to be dominant in the water samples. TF content of the rocks and soils ranged from 10 to 2000 mg/L. Leachates were obtained by making a slurry from the samples at a predetermined temperature and time. TF in leachates ranged between 0.27 and 14.88 mg/L and 0.05 to 10.40 mg/L at induced, and non-induced temperatures, respectively. The possible source of fluoride has been previously inferred to be caused by fluorite minerals occurring at greater depth. However, this study proves that fluoride decreases with depth and the elevated fluoride in the groundwater is caused by smectite-kaolinite clay, muscovite and chlorite minerals abundant in the area. Geothermal temperature exhibited by the groundwater in the area is a major factor enhancing the release of fluoride from the clay materials.
format	article
author	Tobiloba Onipe Joshua N. Edokpayi John O. Odiyo
author_facet	Tobiloba Onipe Joshua N. Edokpayi John O. Odiyo
author_sort	Tobiloba Onipe
title	Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa
title_short	Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa
title_full	Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa
title_fullStr	Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa
title_full_unstemmed	Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa
title_sort	geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of siloam area, limpopo province, south africa
publisher	Nature Portfolio
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/1b9b2b72fc1647ada4a941db98372a49
work_keys_str_mv	AT tobilobaonipe geochemicalcharacterizationandassessmentoffluoridesourcesingroundwaterofsiloamarealimpopoprovincesouthafrica AT joshuanedokpayi geochemicalcharacterizationandassessmentoffluoridesourcesingroundwaterofsiloamarealimpopoprovincesouthafrica AT johnoodiyo geochemicalcharacterizationandassessmentoffluoridesourcesingroundwaterofsiloamarealimpopoprovincesouthafrica
_version_	1718377846621077504

Geochemical characterization and assessment of fluoride sources in groundwater of Siloam area, Limpopo Province, South Africa

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